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What country is the origin of coffee plant?

Ethiopia

Gel formation in frozen egg can be prevented by

2-10% NaCl 8-10% sucrose

Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?

Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

What is the full name of the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken?

Colonel Harland Sanders

Name 3 factors that influence the rate of lipid oxidation in foods.

fatty acid composition, free fatty acid content versus the corresponding glycerols, oxygen concentration, temperature, surface area, moisture, pro-oxidants, antioxidants

HLB values for oil in water emulsion.

High value (8 to 16)

The Maillard reaction is a reaction between what two specific components in foods

Reducing sugar and amino acid

What five vitamins, minerals, and or elements is flour commonly enriched with?

iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented

The most expensive cheese in the world is made from milk from what animal?

Moose

In beer making, what is the common name for germinated barley?

Malt

Given a closed vessel of an ideal gas at room temperature, what happens to the density of the gas when the temperature of the vessel is raised to 100 C?

the density remains the same.

Ketosis, the buildup of ketones in the blood, can be caused by dietary insufficiency of _________________.

carbohydrates

What condition results during thawing of muscle that frozen before it enters rigor mortis?

thaw rigor

What is the major antioxidant in rosemary extract?

Diterpenes - carnosic acid

Which bacteria must be tested for under the final rule for pathogen reduction and HACCP? And which bacteria should meet performance standards?

generic E. coli, Salmonella

What is the coordination number of stable ice-I?

What is the acid in onions that results in tears when the onion is cut?

sulfenic acid

Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?

to speed up the process or to infuse flavors prior to maceration, to increase extract yield and to inactivate the enzymes

In which country did Reisling originate?

Germany

Name 3 of the 16 gram negative, facultative anaerobic rods.

Enterobacteriaceae, Arsenophonus nasoniae, Buttiauxella agrestis, Cedecea, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Ewingella americana, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella, Moellerella wisconsensis, Morganella morganii, Obesumbacterium proteus, Pantoea, Pragia fontium Proteus, Providencia, Rahnella aquatilis, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Tatumella plyseos, Xenorhabdus, Yersina, Yohenella regensburgei, Aeromonas, Enhydrobacter aerosaccus, Photobacterium, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio, Actinobacillus, Hemophilus, Pasteurella, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Cardiobacterium hominis, Chromobacterium, Eikenella corrodens, Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Zymomonas

Which digestive organ has the highest concentration of lactase enzyme?

Small intestine

What are some advantages of a scraped surface heat exchanger?

process any pumpable product, adding surface area, low pressure drops, can process at high temps without burn-on

Identify three types of fungi commonly consumed in foods.

Yeast, molds and mushrooms

For the fluorescent analysis of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid is allowed to react with what compound to form a fluorescent derivative?

O-phenylenediamine (or dimethyl-O-phenylenediamine)

When was the USDA created and who did Abraham Lincoln appoint as its first leader?

1862. Charles Wetherill

How many carbon atoms are in one molecule of beta-carotene?

40 (most carotenoids are made up of 8 isoprene units)

What is a strecker degradation?

part of a browning reaction, where an amino acid and a dicarbonyl produce CO2 and flavorful aldehydes

What are the common names for the saturated fatty acids with the following chain length 4, 6, 8,12,16,20 carbons.

Butyric acid, caproic acid (6), caprylic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, arachidic acid

Name 3 amino acids that can be cleaved at protein carboxylic acid end by Carboxypeptidase A.

Lysine, Arginine, Prolein

What does E. stand for in E. coli?

Escherichia

What does FSIS recommend as the minimum degree of doneness (F) for ground beef?

160

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of radio frequency heating?

advatanges: longer wavelength, deeper penetration depth, shorter treatment time, less equipment space requirement, volumetric heating; being a continuous process disadvantages: non-uniform heating,

The layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers is called the what?

endomysium

Name the two synthetic antioxidants and two natural antioxidants.

synthetic: BHA, BHT, PG, TBHQ; natural:alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ferulic? Acid, sesamol

Which Serbian-American inventor born in present-day Croatia, also an electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and a futurist is attributed with the invention of alternating current and also has a unit of magnetism named after him?

Nikola Tesla

What british desert shares a name with an early atomic model?

plum pudding

Which to indigenous groups made peanut butter by first grinding roasted peanuts into a paste?

Ancient Incas and the Aztecs

What is the most predominant component in milk?

water

The farmer’s share of the retail food dollar varies greatly among foods. Can you guess the share for eggs? A. 15 %, B. 29%, c 50% and d 65%

D 65%

Define molarity, molality, and normality.

molarity = moles of a substance per liter solution Molality = moles of a substance per kg solvent Normality= equivalents of substance per liter of solution

What is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese?

Ewe/female sheep

Name three types of freezers.

air blast freezer, contact or plate freezer, spray or imersion freezer

What does PER stand for?

Protein efficiency ratio

What is the name given to the flavor developed due to rancidity of fat in meat?

warmed over flavor

Which gas is used to induce ripening in bananas?

ethylene

What are designer foods?

foods fortified with health promoting ingredients

Name the microbial gum used in salad dressings.

Xanthan gum

What city became immortalized as "hog butcher of the world" by poet Carl Sandburg?

Chicago

What is required of the food industry under the public health security and bioterrorism preparedness and response act (aka the Bioterrorism act) of 2002?

1) Food facilities register with FDA, and 2) FDA be given advance notice on shipments of imported food.

Tonka beans have a high concentration of which dangerous compound?

coumarin

List the Classes of enzymes:

oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

What is one of the molds that produces aflatoxin?

aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus

What is active and passive modified atmosphere packaging?

Active - respiration of product will produce the intended or necessary store environment, that is, the storage atmosphere changes over time; passive: intended atmosphere is applied and stays the same through the storage period

Why are linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids considered essential fatty acids?

n-6 and n-3 cannot be synthesized in the human body

What is one advantage and one disadvantage to direct heating?

advantage: rapid heating minimizes organoleptic changes, less fouling/burn-on. disadvantage: requires culinary steam (expensive), increases volume of product (adds water from steam), bad for products containing oil (oxidizes quickly)

What foodborne parasites is also commonly found in used cat litter?

Answer: toxoplasma gondii

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate from glycolysis goes to what cycle in the mitochondria?

Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle/ TCA

Which are the 3 vegetables in vegetable stock?

Onions, carrots and celery

The muscle tissue from bone flesh of fish contain the same amount of connective tissue as that from beef.

False

What is the name of the reaction when an acid and base react to give water?

Neutralization

How do refrigeration and freezing affect staling? a. both slow staling b. fridge slows staling, freezing aids staling c. fridge aids staling and freezing slows staling d. both aid staling

c. fridge aids staling, freezing slows staling

What is a common unit of brightness or luminous intensity?

candella

What fruit is the international symbol for hospitality?

pineapples

What are the 6 grape varieties that can be used to make Red Bordeaux wine?

Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Petit verdot, Malbec, Carmenere

How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?

A saturated fat has how many double bonds?

None

What is the slowest freezing method?

Sharp freezing

Waxes are composed of what 2 basic chemical entities?

Fatty acid and fatty alcohol

Sensory tests may be divided into 3 groups on the basis of the type of information that they provide. What are the three types?

Discrimination, descriptive, affective (preference)

Name 3 instrument and extensive factors that affect microorganisms growth in foods.

Temperature, water activity, pH

If you had 10 ml of Kool-Aid with 10% sucrose, how much water should you add to make the drink 0.1% sucrose?

990 ml water

In August 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?

A hamburger from lab-grown meat

What is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale, either from the addition or substitution that is either from addition or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient.

Adulteration

The results of what sensory test are often plotted to give a flavor profile, with the resulting graph being referred to as a spiderweb plot?

Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

SPME is an isolation technique in food analysis, meaning?

Solid phase microextraction

What are two non thermal methods that are currently under investigation

pulsed electric field, and high hydrostatic pressure

Name 3 ways one could reduce the occurrence of Maillard browning.

decreasing moisture to very low levels, increasing moisture to very high levels, lowering pH or temperature, removing one of the substances (typically sugar)

Another term for Black Spots in Shrimps

Amelanosis

Rank sweetness from least to most of the following compounds: sucralose, Acesulfame K, neotame, saccahrine

AceK, saccharin, sucralose, neotame

What compound is formed when glycerol is heated?

acrolein

Give 4 advantages of retortable pouches over tin cans and jars.

Reduced heat exposure -> improvements in taste, colour, and flavour; fewer nutrient losses, rapid heating in pouch, requires less disposal space, pouches and containers do not corrode externally and there is a minimum of product–container interaction, easy to open, no risk of cuts to consumer opening container, reduction in storage space requirements and lighter weight, savings in shelf space, easy to handle and display, opportunity to market multipacks, energy requirements for container construction are less than that for cans.

Give two ways starch is modified for use in foods.

Cross linking, derivatives e.g. phosphate esters, acid/enzyme thinning, precooking

Define suppression in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.

The effect created when one substance decrease the perceived intensity of a mixture of two or more substances

What is the carcinogen found in mushrooms?

Hydrazine

The Reinheitsgebot law from 1516 AD in Germany identified what?

three ingredients that can be used to brew beer.

What organism causes typhoid fever?

Salmonella typhi

What is the name of the sweet syrup added to sparkling wines for secondary fermentation?

Tirage

What is agnosia?

inability to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds.

Name a class 2b carcinogen found in corn.

fumonisin

The animal fat which is characterized by containing appreciable amounts of shorter chain fatty acids (C4 – C12) is

Milk fat

In the US the legal processing for low-acid foods requires what?

exposure to temps for a period equal to 12 D values fo C. botulism

Name three anticaking agents.

Tricalcium phosphate, Mg silicate, silicon dioxide, magnesium carbonate and iron ammonium citrate

In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". What was the first dish ever cooked on television?

Lobster vol-au-vents

What is the mechanism of action for the microbial destruction by High Hydrostatic Pressure and Pulsed Electric Fields?

PEF: electroporation (the formation of pores in cell membranes by the action of high voltage electric fields). PEF inactivation via electroporation is believed to be associated with the migration and accumulation of charge across the cell membrane under the action of applied electric field; HHP: Rupture or damage to cell membrane

Name 5 proteins with good foaming properties.

egg white proteins, the globin part of hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin, whey proteins, casein micelles, B-casein, wheat proteins, soy proteins

What is the difference between glucose and glycogen? Where is glycogen found in abundance in the human body?

Glycogen is a readily mobilized storage form of glucose. It is a very large, branched polymer of glucose residues that can be broken down to yield glucose molecules when energy is needed. Most of the glucose residues in glycogen are linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is found in abundance in liver and skeletal muscle tissue.

What is "unsaponifiable matter"?

Fat soluble matter remaining after saponification

What is the primary protein in the thin filament of a muscle?

actin

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. The total amount of energy of an isolated system is constant.

What is the most widely eaten fish in the world?

Herring

Who pays for USDA meat grading services?

Grading for quality is voluntary, and the service is requested and paid for by meat and poultry producers/processors.

Name the nutraceutical component of following: Green tea, ginger, wine, turmeric

Green tea: catechin, Ginger: gingerol , Wine: resveratrol, turmeric: curcumin

What is used to rephosphorylate ADP to ATP during the onset phase of rigor?

Creatine phosphate or Phosphocreatine

What is the main cause of astringency in tea and wine?

Tannins

Thermal destruction of microorganisms obeys zero order, first order, or second order kinetics?

first order

What is patulin, with what food products is it associated, and how is it usually analytically determined?

A mycotoxin formed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys genera associated with apple juice products; determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

In the SI system what are the units applied to the following 5 dimensions or measurements? length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temp

meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin

Expand the following: TLC, HETP, HPLC, GFC, SFC

TLC (Thin layer chromatography), HETP (Height equivalent theoretical plates), HPLC (High pressure or High performance liquid chromatography, GFC (Gel Filteration Chromatography), SFC (Super critical Fluid Chromatography)

Name the 4Ps of food marketing.

product, price, place, promotion

How are square watermelons produced?

by growing a watermelon in a square glass mold.

What are three applications of lactase?

hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, prevent sandiness in ice cream, lactose intolerance

What is the bioactive compound in soy?

Genistein

What is the aleurone layer?

protein rich layer surrounding the endosperm of cereals

What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?

Nutmeg and Mace

Why can microwaves go through glass but not metal?

glass is dielectric

What are the units of basal metabolic rate?

Answer: Joule/hour/kilogram body mass or watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min

The quality assurance system called HACCP stands for ...

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

Vitamin B6 supplement contain the chemical form of which vitamin?

Pyridoxine

What does the Karl Fischer test measure?

Moisture content (usually when present in trace amounts)

Name three women who have served as IFT presidents.

Mary Wagner, Mary Schmittel, Margaret Lawson, Chris Downs, Vicky Kloeris, Pam Coleman, Mariane Gillette

Which nut is the main ingredient in Nutella?

Hazelnut

Name 3 types of heat treatment during food processing and what is their purpose

blanching (inactivates enzymes), pasteurization (kill pathogenic bacteria), and sterilization (kill all bacteria and other organisms)

What is another name for Carambola?

Starfruit

What legume accounts for one sixth of the worlds vegetable oil production?

Peanut

The Fehlings test uses CuO, which reacts with aldehydes. In glucose presence, what is the color of the precipitate formed?

Red

What is the relationship between dielectric constant and frequency?

as frequency increases, dielectric constant decreases

Divisions of IFTSA.

Aquatic food products, biotechnology, carbohydrate, dairy foods, food chemistry, food microbiology, food engineering, food packagong, food service, international, protein, nutrition (actually total 24)

Steady state mass balance equation

Mass in - mass out = mass acumulation

A non-substrate molecule binds to an enzyme, which enables it to bind to a substrate it previously could not. What likely is that molecule? A. Non-competitive inhibitor B. Competitive inhibitor C. Activator

Activator

What 1 bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US and in what product may it be used?

Nisin - pasteurized process cheese spread

Beers that are made out of grains other than barley, oats, rye, or wheat are known as what type of beer?

gluten-free beer

How many times more acidic is something with a pH of 2 than a substance with a pH of 5?

1000x more

What are the 3 ingredients used to make Grand Marnier liquor?

cognac brandy, essence of bitter orange and sugar

What type of label claim is the following statement and example of ‘pop tarts are a good source of calcium’?

nutrient content claim

What food may get its name from the German word for stirrup?

Bagel

What are some disadvantages of a scraped surface heat exchanger?

high cost per units area, high operating costs, large floor space requirement vs other heat exchangers, disintegration of fragile particles

What name is given to the small circular DNA molecules that carry genetic information independently of the main bacterial chromosome?

Plasmids

Humans taste with their tongues, what do butterflies taste with?

their feet

What are the major connective tissues of proteins of meat?

Collagen and elastin

What is depleted from muscle before slaughter to produce dark cutting beef?

Glycogen

Another name for thermal resistance constant is

z-value

Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins?

Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.

In 1963 the FDA approval for a new processing method was given, only to be revoked in 1968. What was the product and the process?

bacon and irradiation

When viscosity of a fluid increases, what happens to the reynolds number?

Increase

Name 5 common chemical food additives for food preservation.

BHA, BHT, TBHQ, benzoates, calcium propionate (inhibits molds), sodium bisulfate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite

The organism that causes 'flat sours' in canned tomatoes is

bacillus stearothermophilus

Name two conditions under which yeasts and molds will outcompete most bacteria.

low Aw (0.6-0.7) and pH <4 or >9

When was the "food guide pyramid" unveiled by the secretary of agriculture Edward Madigan?

April 1992

Titles of CFR pertaining to food.

Title 7, 9, 21, 27, 50

The FDA has approved 36 food dyes, of which nine are artificial color additives used in foods and beverages, including

Blue No. 1, Blue No.2, Green No. 3, Orange B, Red No. 2, Red No. 3, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6 (1,2). While the FDA has approved nine artificial food dyes for use, three food dyes are most commonly used, Red No. 40, Yellow No. 5, and Yellow No. 6

What is the strongest biochemical bond?

Covalent

In 1883, the brothers Oscar and Meyer lease a failing Chicago meat market and made the company, a success within five years, named the company.

Oscar Meyer.

SI unit for Power & dimensions

W (J/s)

The main lipid class in lean or low fat fish is ____________?

Phospholipids

What substances in low quantity can be found in food?

Indirect additives

Soy protein isolates have at least what percent protein?

Type of food spoilage organisms depend on food composition and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Give 3 each of intrinsic and extrinsic factors

intrinsic: physical structure, Moisture content, pH. Extrinsic: temperature, relative humidity, gas atmosphere, light

Which vitamin increases calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes healthy bones?

Vitamin D

Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius.

True

What is the so called "trigeminal senses"?

Free nerve endings (of the trigeminal nerve) present in the oral and ansl cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaisin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as protection device against harmful chemicals, also detect texture and most other food characteristics

Why is short-grain rice more sticky than long-grain rice after cooking?

Higher amylopectin

IFT has several annual awards for excellence. For what is the William V. Cruess Award given?

Excellence in Teaching

If the absorption of a sample is being determined spectrophotometrically at 420nm what color is the sample?

Yellow

Name what the following is made from: Cachaca, vodka, rum, mezcal, baijiu

Cachaca: cane sugar (aka pinga, caninha) vodka: potato rum: sugarcane juice/ molasses mezcal/ tequila: agave Baijiu, Kaoliang: sorghum

What is a theoretical plate in simple distillation?

A theoretical plate is an area in the column where the recondensing liquid and the rising vapor come into equilibrium with one another

A nutrient which is needed by the body but is not produced by the body is called what?

An essential nutrient

Describe error of habituation.

Tendency to continue to give the same response when a series of slowly increasing or decreasing stimuli are presented

The desirable color of cured meats is due to the pigment ____________

nitrosomyoglobin

Define mycosis.

disease resulting from the invasion of living cells by a fungi

What color of ink is used to apply the red meat carcass inspection stamp?

Purple

Bitter compounds in coffee after roasting?

Chlorogenic acid, phenyl indane

Which medium is used to detect and enumerate Staphylococcus aureus directly in foods? A. apt agar, B. Baird-Parker agar, C. Potatoe dextrose Agar, D. Violet red bile agar

B. Baird-Parker Agar

What are two examples of natural antioxidants?

vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene

Name the three components of a Mierpoix?

Carrots, celery, onions

SAP is used as a buffer, leavening agent, and emulsifier. What is SAP?

sodium acid pyrophosphate

Rank the following in order of their tolerance to low water activity (highest resistance to least): yeasts, bacteria, molds

molds, yeasts, bacteria

What are the three steps of Kjeldahl method?

Digestion, distillation, titration

What does DE stand for in corn syrup?

dextrose equivalent

Porterhouse steak is fabricated from which beef primal?

Loin

What pathogen reduction step utilizes a steam chamber for carcasses?

Steam pasteurization

Give 2 examples of emulsifiers.

SPAN, TWEEN, Lecithin, egg white

How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?

1/10th of a calorie

There are only two herbs with names that contain 3 letters. Name one.

Bay, rue

According to the USDA, what are the three safe ways to thaw frozen foods?

Refrigerate, immersion in cold water, microwave thawing

On average how much casein is in sheep’s milk?

4-5%

In Aug 2013, Chef Richard McGeown cooked what for the first time?

Lab grown meat hamburger

Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?

Prunes

What mycotoxin is produced by a mold that can grow on moist peanuts, pecans, corn and other foodstuffs?

aflatoxin

What does the process of blanching do?

used to inactivate enzymes and set color

What element in commerical apple juice can be fatal in large amounts?

arsenic

Potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?

mold growth

What is latent heat of fusion?

the constant temperature where a solid turns to a liquid.

Give two dicarboxylic amino acids.

Glutamic acid and aspartic acid

In the Code of Federal Regulations, give the titles that relate to food products.

21, 9, 7, 50, 27

Which food is made by fermenting soaked and cooked soybeans with a mold, usually rhizopus?

Tempeh

List three factors that contribute to the buffering capacity of milk.

phosphate, citrate and lactate salts, whey proteins, carbonic acid from the dissolved CO2

Mofongo', a common dish in Dominican restaurants and kitchens, actually originated in which country?

Puerto Rico

What was the first ever breakfast cereal?

shredded wheat

In areas where corn was introduced as a staple crop a new disease soon developed. What is the disease and what causes it?

Pellagra, Niacin deficiency (50-80% of corn's niacin is unavailable)

Name 2 reasons why pectin is used in the processing of fruit juice.

To increase clarity and yield

What was the first type of student competition held by IFT?

undergraduate research paper forum

What vegetable oils are approved for use in butter manufacture?

None

List 5 other fermented beverages that are based on cereals.

Boza, Cauim, Chhaang, Chicha, Gruit, Kvass, Oshikundu, Pulque, Sahti, Sato (rice wine), Sulima

Most commonly consumed single cell food.

Chicken egg

Give any two factors that affect egg foaming ability.

pH, sugars, contamination with yolk, age of the egg, etc.

What is the name of the crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat and rye?

triticale

Which fruit/ vegetable is known as gator legs?

avocado

JIT in sensory stands for?

Just In Time

In regard to sensory evaluation, differentiate between "triangle test" and "duo-trio test".

Both are classified as difference tests. A triangle test consists of three samples, two are the same and one is different. The participant is asked to identify the different sample. A duo-trio test consists of three samples in which two are the same and one is different. One of the samples is presented as the reference sample and the participant is asked to identify the matching sample.

Stability of eggs not dependent on: Protein conc, pH, H2O addition, presence of sugar

H2O addition

What is a substance not naturally part of a food but deliberately added to fulfill some specific purpose?

Food additive

How many hydrogen atoms benzene has?

Define food infection.

ingestion of organism which then produces toxin or infects cells causes illness

What carotenoid when bound to specific protein is responsible for lobster's distinct pink orange color after cooking?

Astaxanthin

What country recently became the top producer of vanilla in the world?

Indonesia

What is the most commonly used polymer in the food industry?

polyethylene

What is the percent of non-fat solids found in whole milk?

8.25

What is the term for the ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to oxygen consumed?

respiratory quotient

Name the countries where the following dishes are popular, often recognised as the national dishes: Ema datshi, Bacalhau, Poutine, Bobotie

Ema Datshi: Bhutan, Bacalhau: Portugal, Poutine: Canada, Bobotie: South Africa

2 cups: ? Pint

one pint

Give two amino acids which contain two ammonium and related groups.

arginine, lysine, asparagine, glutamine

99% of the US hazelnut crop is grown in which state or states?

Oregon

What is a PERT chart and how are they used by food companies?

PERT - Program Evaluation Review Technique Used as an organization tool for food product development

In beer making what is the liquid fraction of the mash called?

Wort

What are the typical organisms used in the production of cottage cheese?

lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris; homofermentative fast acid producing

What is the organism (genus) most commonly associated with food poisoning?

salmonella

In cheese making, what terms describe the solid mass and the liquid phases?

solid; curd; liquid:whey

What is the pungent compound in mustard seed, cabbage and horseradish?

sinigrin

What is a component of garlic that has antioxidant properties?

allicin

Bromelain from pineapple, ficin from figs, papain from papaya, trypsin from pancreas may all be added to meat to serve as what type of agent?

tenderizer

How many incisors does a cow have in its upper mouth?

zero

What are the 5 classes of unit operations?

fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, thermodynamic processes, mechanical processes

Arrange the following vitamins in correct order that they are declared in the nutrition label: Vit C, niacin, A, Thiamine, E

A, C, E, B1, B3

A food preservation method that utilizes liquid nitrogen to rapidly freeze foods is called what?

Cryogenic Freezing

What year was the Maillard reaction discovered?

1912

Name the four major categories of cheese.

Soft-ripened, soft-unripened, semisoft ripened, hard

What is the name of the sweetener that does not participate in maillard browing?

xylitol

Current version military sampling dimensions?

ASQ/ANSI QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS Z1.4 & Z1.9

In maillard browning, reducing sugar reacts with which amino acid and destroys its nutritional value

Lysine

True or false: the following steps should be followed for cleaning food contact equipment and utensils: 1) prerinse 2) soap and scrub (washing) 3) rinse 4) sanitize 5) air drying

True

Which disease caused by niacin deficiency is designated by dermatitis?

pellagra

What was the location of the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise?

Salt Lake City, Utah

Explain IR radiation.

it is transmitted as a wave and gets converted into heat when it impinges on the food surface

What 5 vitamins and minerals are enriched in flour?

Thiamine, folate, iron, riboflavin, niacin

What is a food additive?

substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities

what is the difference between bottled beer and draft beer?

draft is unpasteurized and hence has a shorter shelf life

Muscle cells are multinucleated, cylindrical cells surrounded by an outer member called what?

sarcolemma

Why do seed proteins like soy protein have a high isoelectric point?

They abundant aspartic acid and glutamic acid

What is the name of the spice mix used in Ethiopian and interesting culture that contains ingredients like chili peppers, garlic, ginger, and fennel.

Berbere Seasoning

Additional component in mass and energy balance equation in food processing

- Time sucrose +heat + acid --> Hydrolysis/inversion

Name 3 tests that can be used to measure the fat content of milk.

Primitive Centrifugal Methods, Gerber, Babcock, Rose- Gottlieb, Schmidt Werner

Name the musical fruit.

beans

What is the term for investigation and quantification of how physical stimuli evoke sensations and perceptions?

Psychophysics

Different types of difference tests in sensory.

Descriptive, affective, effective

Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation

What is the ‘best if used by/best before’ date used for?

a guide to the quality or flavor profile of a food product

Place the following in order form least to greatest based on antioxidant capacity per serving. Strawberry, granny smith apple, wild blueberry, Pinto bean, black plum

Black plum, granny smith apple, strawberry, Pinto bean, wild blueberry

The wavelength of which color in the visible spectrum is closest to the x-rays?

Violet (Purple not acceptable)

Define thermal death time.

the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature

What is Krausening (used in beer production)?

natural carbonation, the CO2 from fermentation collected and added back into the beer later

What are the core messages of the five keys to safer food outlined by the World Health Organization?

Keep clean, separate raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, Keep food at safe temperatures, use safe water and raw materials

Foods are fortified with iodine and to prevent which disease

Goiter

Milk: Micelles contain protein and 6 – 8% of this salt.

Calcium phosphate

Which MAP gas has bacteriostatic/bactericidal properties?

carbon dioxide

What is sensory adaptation?

A decrease in or change in sensitivity to a given stimulus as a result of continued exposure to that stimulus or a similar one

3 cereal grains most consumed:

Wheat, rice, corn

Per Codex, what % cocoa dose semi-bitter chocolate need to be? a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 70

b. 15%

The IFT individual award with the highest monetary value is the ____.

Nicholas Appert Award ($5,000)

What region cultivated the first potato on ca. 200 BC?

South America

Classify the following dairy components as being found in the retentate or permeate following ultra filtration of milk, casein, whey proteins, micellular salts, residual fat, lactose, soluble salts, and non protein nitrogen.

Permeates:Lactose, non protein nitrogen and soluble salts Retentate: casein, whey proteins, micellular salts, residual fat

Explain the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa: Self-starvation Bulimia nervosa: Repeatitive cycles of binge eating alternating with self-induced vomiting or starvation

Which candy bar's name is derived from Tween biscuit sticks?

Twix

How many IFT achievement awards will be given out at the 2018 IFT annual meeting?

Inosine methylene blue agar is used for?

Lactose fermenting

What is kefir?

milk fermentation product from yeast and lactic acid bacteria (saccharomyces kefir)

With respect to distillation, what is a vaporize/condensation stage called?

A theoretical plate

What is the spectrum range for thermal radiation?

0.1 um to 1000 um (1 mm)

Which general class of tannins contain catechin or epicatechin as its monomeric units?

hydrolyzable tannins, condensed tannins, Non condensed tannins, phytotannins

What are the minimum times and temperatures for LTLT and HTST pasteurization of milk?

LTLT – 145 degF (62.8 degC), 30 minutes HTST – 161 deg F (71.7 deg C) 15 seconds

What are the three vegetables in mirepoix?

Onions carrots and celery

What compound can be smelled on a person's breath during ketosis?

Acetone

Why add K(ALSO4)2 to a pickle mix?

To keep the pickles firm (the AL3+acts as a cross linker between pectin polymers)

What is polarography and how is it used in food analysis?

voltage is scanned on a dropping mercury or pulsed electrode surface. At the redox potential of the analyte, diffusion current is established as analytes diffuse to the electrode which is directly related to the concentration. It is used for many food components that exhibit oxidation-reduction behavior

The molecular structure that makes emulsifying agents effective is _____?

lipophilic (hydrophobic) part and hydrophilic part

Where is commercial lecithin (food additive) obtained?

soybean

What is the difference between direct and indirect heating systems?

direct: having steam condense into a product (directly contacts product). indirect: the use of equipment to exchange heat between the surface that is heated and the product

Name 4 factors that influence dehydration.

temperature, dryness, air volume, particle size, type of food, and load

Postmortem pH change in meat

7.2 to 5.5, lactic acid formation

According to the Codex Alimentarius, what is the minimum percentage fat that required for cream and prepare creams

0.1

Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar? A. Lactose, B. glucose, C. sucrose, D. maltose

C. sucrose

Why is having excess flour particulates in a milling plant hazardous?

Fire hazard

What does GRAS stand for?

Generally Recognized As Safe

Which vegetables belong to the allium family and which to the cruciferae? Onions, garlic, broccoli, spinach, leeks and cabbage

Allium – onions, garlic, leeks Cruciferae – broccoli, spinach and cabbage

What is the general packaging material that prevents the entry of microbes and gas?

Hermetic

What is the 1st chemical preservative approved for use by the US food and drug administration?

sodium benzoate

What is fibrous italian cheese spun curd method?

Pasta filata

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid is the precursor of what plant hormone?

ethylene

Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________

> 3500

What flour is from dried hominy is used to make Mexican tortillas and tamales?

masa white corn flour

At what temperature are bacterial spores destroyed?

250 F

Name the microorganism associated with Ergot poisoning.

Claviceps purpurea

What does the AOAC stand for?

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

What is the disease caused by a deficiency of thiamin, and is common where polished rice is a major dietary item?

Beriberi

Methods to determine the lengths of polysaccharides.

NMR, HPLC (Size exclusion column), Gel electrophoresis, osmotic pressure, light scattering

Define whether these are found in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells: true nucles, circular DNA, unicellularity, no membrane-bound organelles, size of 10-100 micrometers

eukaryotic: nucleus, size ; prokaryotic: circular DNA, unicelluar, no membrane-bound organelles

What are PCB and BCB?

polychlorobiphenyls, and dichloro-biphenyl

What are the three most commonly used additives?

sugar, salt, corn syrup

Explain 'Ghost peaks' in chromatography.

Ghost peaks are unknown or unwanted peaks that may interfere with the chromatogram and become a concern in qualitative and quantitative analysis. These peaks may appear at the same retention time as that of the analyte of interest, or there may be very less resolution between the analyte and these peaks, due to which the quantitative analysis is adversely affected. The ghost peaks can also be termed extraneous peaks, artifact peaks, system peaks, pseudo peaks, vacancy peaks, eigen peaks, induced peaks, and spurious peaks. These peaks may arise from unknown impurities or artifacts within the system, such as contaminants from a dirty injector, carrier phase, extractable contaminant, autosampler vials, and caps, or from a contaminant carried over from a previous injection.

Why is baking soda used in making pretzels?

Raises the pH, hence allows browning to occur more readily

What is the aroma of diacetyl?

Buttery

How many radians are there in 360 degrees?

2 pi

The caloric content of a large egg is A- 50, B-70, C - 100, D - 125

b. 70

At what temperature (in degrees F) does meat freeze?

What is the Aw limit or requirement for filing a process when heat-processing foods in hermetically sealed containers?

0.85

Beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

Give 2 ways to measure ethylene.

There are several ways to measure ethylene: 1) gas chromatography (best but expensive); 2) kitagawa tubes, or equivalent; 3) other types of chemical sensors; or 4) another plant that is sensitive to ethylene.

What is Food Babe's real name?

Vani Hari

What is the conversion factor of kilocalories to kilo joules?

4.184 kilojoules per kilo calorie

Eversweet was developed by which company?

Cargill

What is the name of the black spot defect in shrimp?

melanosis

What are the 3 USDA quality grades of rabbits?

US Grade A, US Grade B, and US Grade C

What foodborne pathogen can cause peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori

What microorganism was responsible for the potato famin in the mid-19th century?

Phytophthora infestans

Lactose is composed of

glucose and galactose

What are levels of exposure in kGy for radurization, radicidation, and radappertization?

radurization: 0.75-2.5 kGy; Racidiation 2.5-10 kGy; Radappertization: greater than 30-40 kGy

The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as what?

the glycolytic pathway or glycolysis

Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle?

The animal shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty, and packaged so they would be hung from the Christmas trees.

Cyanogenic glycosides are compounds that when treated with an acid or appropriate hydrolytic enzyme yield what compound?

cyanohydron

Which 2 indegineous groups cultivated peanuts?

Incas and Aztecs

Which gas can be used to ripen many fruits?

ethylene

Name 3 practiced chemical modifications of maize starch in the US.

derivitization (monostarch substitution and cross linking), acid thinning, dextrinization, oxidation, hydrolysis

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for microbial growth in food?

intrinsic: pH, water activity, redox potential, biological structure, moisture content,animicrobial component , competitive microflora, nutrient content Extrinsic: temperature and time, relative humidity, gaseous environment, presence of other organisms, processing operations, type of packaging

What is the difference between commercial sterilization and pasteurization?

sterilization: processed at temps higher than 100 C, mainly for canning (retorting), destroys all microbes that may cause spoilage (may contain heat resistant bacteria spores such as endospores or thermophiles or flat sour bacteria), shelf life of 2+ years at room temperature, pasteurization: processed at temps lover than 100 C, typically high temperature for short time (HTST), destroys pathogenic microbes, reduces spoilage microbes, inactivates enzymes

Loganberry is a cross of which two berries?

The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid of the North American blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and the European raspberry (Rubus idaeus).

What temperature (F) should water in sterilizers at meat processing facilities be kept?

180

What is the process of sterilizing the product and package separately called?

aseptic or ultra high temperature (UHT) processing

Which disease is caused by niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis?

Answer: pellagra

In the brewing industry what physio chemical process is saccharification referred to?

refers to the enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches into simple sugars, that can be part of yeast fermentation.

Who is hosting the 2019 Food Disruption Challenge Pitch?

Daymon John

Name one edible fruit-bearing tree that is an evergreen.

Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit, lime, tangerines, clementines, and more), olive, avocado, lychee, and mango trees

This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.

Ketchup

Provide 3 reasons why the Dumas method, for protein content, is being used more and more versus the Kjeldahl method.

Much faster, 4 minutes per sample No toxic chemicals or catalyst Very easy Many samples can be measured automatically

The organism that causes 'flat sours' in canned tomatoes is

bacillus stearothermophilus

Describe three functions of emulsifiers in ice cream.

Form small droplets following homogenization, partially stabilize fat emulsion during aging, partial coalescence of fat during freezing aiding in air entrapment

What is the time temperature combination required for foodservice operators to safely cool cooked foods?

Answer: food must be cool to 70 degrees Fahrenheit within two hours, and then 41 within four hours, and the total cooling time should not exceed six hours.

What are the terms of the 2-step process when using a pre-fermented mix of bread making?

Sponge and dough

In food irradiation, what does URP stand for?

Unique Radiolytic products

What does GCMS stand for?

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Give 4 examples of cereal adjuncts used in beer making.

Rice, Corn, Unmalted Barley, Sorghum, Unmalted Wheat, Rye, Oats

What kind of an emulsion is mayonnaise?

oil in water (o/w)

State Stoke's law.

F = 6(pi)r(eta)v; Drag force = 6(pi)sphere radius.fluid viscosity.velocity of the sphere

Which of the following food categories is NOT approved for treatment with irradiation: A. fruits, B. milk and dairy, C. animal and pet foods, or D. none of the above?

B. Milk and dairy

For the following saturated fatty acids, give the systematic name or molecular formula: Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and acetic acid

palmitic: n-hexadecanoic, C16 H32 O2; stearic, acetic acid: Ethanoic acid C2 H4 O2; Stearic acid: Octadecanoic acid, C18 H36 O2

What is the name of the food substitute that supplies all daily nutritional needs?

Soylent

Between which two ribs should a pork carcass be ribbed to measure loin eye area?

10th and 11th

What is the most popular spice in the world?

Black pepper

Term for temp at which Vapor Press = press of surrounding?

Boiling pt

What made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships produce?

in interstate commerce

List several benefits associated with the use of phosphates in meats

increase water binding capacity, improve emulsification, tenderness, juiciness, color uniformity, decreases rancidity, minor antimicrobial activity, buffering against acidic marination ingredients

Which enzyme is found in saliva and promotes the digestion of the breakdown of starch in the mouth?

Amylase

A double seam consists of how many thicknesses of metal plates?

What is the likely source of the hemorrhagic e. coli that contaminates hamburger?

cow's cut during slaughter

What is the base of profiteroles?

Choux pastry

DFD in meat stands for?

Dark, firm, dried

Name the piece of milk processing equipment used to remove some bacteria and sediment originating from the cow's udder.

Clarifier

What is the maximum percentage of Viognier that can be blended with Syrah to make the wines of the Cote-Rotie?

20%

Fat deposited in the perimysial connective tissue of a muscle is called what?

Marbling

Marinades are usually made of 3 components, acid, oil, and herbs. What is the purpose of adding acid?

the acid helps to partially denature the meat’s proteins, opening up “tunnels” in the structure where flavor can seep in

What 3 monosaccharides make up raffinose?

glucose, galactose, fructose

What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?

Correct answer is a carbohydrate containing between three and 10 or more than two and less than 10 monosaccharides

Which describes a class 2 recall? a. minor violations not subjecto FDA action b. exposure but no health consequences c. exposure may cause health consequences d. reasonable use or exposure will causes serious health consequences

c. exposure may cause medically reversible health consequences

The acetic acid in vinegar is derived from the bacteria oxidation of what substance?

Ethanol

How many valence electrons does oxygen have, and what orbitals are they hybridized to?

6, 4 sp3 orbitals

Which company worked with NASA to develop HACCP?

Pillsbury

Stability of egg foam is promoted by all the following except

concentration of protein, pH of the system, the addition of water, presence of sugar

In food packaging what do the initials LLDPE stand for?

Linear low density polyethylene

Azo compounds such as Red No.40 contain this bond.

N=N (Nitrogen double bond)

Trans fatty acids occur naturally in what type of animal?

Ruminant animals

Imported to Europe for the first time by Dutch traders around 1610. It was sold for the first time in England around 1660. What is it?

Tea

What are the 3 most common types of human botulism?

Type A, B, E, F (rare)

What fruit is a berry that ranges in size between a lemon and grapefruit whose Latin name Punica Maranta, roughly translates to apple with many seeds?

Pomegranate

Name 2 carbohydrates in soy that cause flatulence.

verbascose, stachyose, raffinose

What is the purpose of the Englis-Cummings procedure?

measure the total, soluble and insoluble fiber content

Alcohol that is 150 proof contains how much alcohol by volume?

75%

The main salt soluble protein of meat is the molecule ______?

Myosin

What is the name of the childhood disease that results from a deficiency in vitamin D?

Rickets

Name 5 water soluble vitamins.

vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B12, pyridoxine, folic acid, thiamine

Which state leads the US in mushroom production? Producing 45% of the fresh crop in 1999?

Pennsylvania

The part of the beer making process that involves heating malt and water to 60 C to facilitate enzymatic reactions is called

mashing

Give the genus and species of 3 molds that are used in the production of blue cheese.

Penicillium roqueforti, Alt. names: P. glaucum, P. gorgonzola and P. stilton

Cheese is formed from milk protein that coagulate at what pH?

4.6

What are the three kinds of water in food?

Free water, loosely bound water, water of hydration

What happens to the melting point of a lipid/oil when its overall level of saturation is increased?

melting point increases

For what part of a proximate analysis is the Soxhlet apparatus used for?

crude fat

Which component of wine is glycosylated/polymerized during aging?

Tannins

The temperature at which the water vapor in the air under a constant barometric pressure will condense into liquid water is called?

the dew point

What is the process of placing meat products into casings?

Stuffing

In anaerobic organisms, pyruvate is used to regenerate what?

NAD+

What mineral is best known as an antioxidant?

Selenium

Can a food be marketed as a modified food product under a standard name even if it does not meet all the requirements of the standard?

If listed as a modified or imitation version of the standard product

Which of the following are reducing sugars and which are not : sucrose, trehalose, maltose, fructose, glucose

sucrose, trehalose are non reducing

Describe the winterization process for oils.

the oil is cooled and then solids are filtered so that the long-chained saturated fats do not crystalize at low temperatures

What salt is used in curing meats and give three uses?

sodium nitrite/nitrate; inhibition of C. Botulinum, improve the color, flavor

List all the different types of thermocouples.

J, K, E, T, N, B, R, S

How many regional sections does IFT have?

What is the difference between a food law and a food regulation?

Law: Enacted by an elected governing body (Congress). Regulation: Written and enforced by an agency with appointed members. FDA regulations are also federal laws. Also regulation can be found in title 21 COF and the public typically can input before FDA issues a final regulation

Where is amygdalin found?

Pits/seeds of apricots, bitter almonds and black cherries

A food product would not be considered adulterated if: a) It contained a new animal drug; b) It contains FD&C Yellow #4; C. It contains carmine; D. If it is the product of an animal that did not die by slaughter

On average how many pounds of food does a family of four in the US waste each year?

1565 pounds

In what country did the Jerusalem artichoke originate?

USA

Nutritionist refer to beta – carotene as ...

Pro – vitamin A

Who is regarded as the inventor of modern chewing gum?

Thomas Adams

What chemical compound is responsible for the fishy smell?

Trimethylamine

What is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI)?

Gray

What muscle hypertrophy condition in sheep, which develops approximately 3 weeks after birth, means "beautiful buttocks"?

Callipyge

What is the isoelectric point of casein?

4.6

The IFT strategic plan contains 7 critical objectives for the organization to accomplish its mission to support improvement of the food supply and its use through science, technology, and education. What are the 7 critical objectives?

1) To be the preeminent, multidisciplinary scientific society for food science and technology. 2) To be the authoritative source of science-based information on food science and technology. 3) To provide publications, programs, & services to fulfill the diverse professional needs of members. 4) To support the undergraduate education & continued professional development of food scientists & technologists 5) To support basic and applied research & foster the interface among industry, academia, government, media, & the public on food science and technology issues. 6) To attract & actively involve a culturally & professionally diverse membership. 7) To provide the organizational structure, administration, and financial capability to accomplish IFT's mission.

Name two types of insoluble fiber and a dietary source for each.

Lignin- flax, rye and some vegetables; Cellulose- whole wheat, bran, seeds

What fruit has a fat content of 20% which is about 20 x the average of other fruits?

avocado

What are the IFTSA Competitions?

-Developing solutions for developing countries; Smart snacks for kids product development; IFTSA & MARS product development competition; undergraduate research competition; thesis video competition; college bowl

Which fruit is known as the king of fruits?

Mangoes

Define the saponification number.

milligrams of KOH to saponify 1 gram of fat

What are the two chemicals used in spherification?

Sodium alginate, calcium chloride

Why do chelating agents increase the efficiency of antioxidants?

they bind trace minerals that catalyze fat oxidation

In food chemistry what does the TBA stands for and what is it used to measure?

Thiobarbituric acid, measures oxidation of fatty acids with three or more double bonds

In chemistry, what is a mixture of of two liquids with the same constant boiling point and composition throughout distillation called?

azeotrope

The 17th century case of ergotism is popularly known as?

Salem witch trials

What sausage manufacturing process involves grinding and mixing meat ingredients with cure to permit protein solubilization and chemical analysis before final mixing in sausage manufacture?

Preblending

What are English hops?

Hops typically used for english style ales, such as fuggles, goldings and northdown

What bacterial form can survive boiling at 100 deg C for 30 minutes?

the spores

4 of the 8 names for dark roasted coffee.

Espresse, continental, french, vienesse

Explain what beer's law equation is used for, state the equation, and explain what each variable is.

Beer's law is used in calculations dealing with spectrophotmetric analyses. Absorbance = elc. E is the molar absorbtivity constant, L is the length of the cell holder/cuvette and c is the concentration of the solution

Relating to food service, in a three compartment sink what is each sink used for?

washing, rinsing, and sanitizing

What is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity (RH) of 100%?

dew-point

Which of these instruments can be used to measure degree of brix?

Refractometer

CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by the French Commission internationale de l'éclairage. What is the translation of the name of this commision in English?

International Commission on Illumination

What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?

pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)

What are some positive effects of precooling of fruit and vegetables?

slow degradation, reduce wilting, slow rotting

What are the 3 main types of indirect heating?

PHE, THE, SSHE (plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, and scraped surface heat exchanger)

Name the five ingredients used in Long island iced tea.

vodka, rum, gin, tequila, triple sec

What are surfactants?

Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.

Describe four aspects of appearance of a sample in sensory evaluation.

Color: hue + saturation + luminance Consistency: stickiness + loose particles Size: diameters + geometry Texture: shine + smoothness + roughness

Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.

True

What is the address for the Washington DC office of IFT?

818 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20006-2702

Name of the continent of origin for the following fruit. Watermelon, raspberry, blueberry. Kiwi guava

Watermelon is Africa. kiwi is Asia raspberry is Europe. guava is South America and blueberry is North America.

On what binomial probability is triangle-test based?

0.33

Name the 2 types of milling used for corn?

dry and wet

What company does Starbucks donate 100% of its leftover food?

Feeding America

Name five genera of bacteria that are considered to be lactic acid bacteria.

lactobacillus, leuconostoc, lactococcus, pediococcus, streptococcus

When was the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act enacted?

1990

What is the cause of cardboard flavor in milk.?

Oxidation of fat

In Planck Distribution, At a given wavelength, what happens to the emissive power as the temperature increases?

emissive power also increases

Arrange according to size of starch granules: potato, rice, corn, tapioca

Corn, rice, tapioca, potato

According to section 403 of the FDCA, an imitation food which is not declared on the label as such is adulterated, mislabeled, or misbranded?

misbranded

In 2010, how many calories are in a McDonald's' Big Mac?

540

Compound associated with green color in pistachios.

Chlorophyll

Which flavor is caused by the iron-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and becomes more noticeable when refrigerated, pre cooked, uncured meats are reheated?

warmed over flavor

What is the name of a basic glycoprotein found in egg white that has the property of binding biotin?

Avidin

Name 4 varieties of cheese that ripened principally by blue mold in the interior.

blue cheese, gorgonzola, stilton, wensleydale

The point at which the air is saturated or the relative humidity is 100% is called what?

The dew point

What is syneresis?

the contraction of a gel when the liquid separates out.

What is the USDA legal limit for moisture in dried apples?

22%

What are the 3 regions of IR radiation?

near-IR, mid-IR, and far-IR

Describe expectation error.

Subjects anticipate the sensation and report their response before it is applicable.

What are eight flavors of Necco wafers?

Wintergreen, chocolate, lime, lemon, clove, cinnamon, orange, licorice

Name two PUFA commonly in foods.

Linoleic, Linolenic

What is the name of the cocktail made of cognac, orange liqueur, and lemon juice that was invented around the end of World War I and is named for a motorcycle attachment?

Sidecar

What are 2 ways milk is dried into powder form?

Spray drying and roller drying

How many amino acids are in one alpha helix rotation?

3.6

What microorganism is used to manufacture the fermented soybean product tempeh?

rhizopus oligosporus

Which protein in milk micellar structure is not affected by Ca+?

K-casein

According to the World Health Organization, the genus of bacteria is the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in the world.

Campylobacter.

What are the 4 purposes of evaporation industry?

reduce the volume of a product Preconcentrate a liquid Increase solid content in food Reduce the microbial load

Name 2 wet methods for determination of fat content in milk.

gerber and babcock

What are the 3 positively charged amino acids?

lysine, arginine and histidine

What are the two components of muscle contribute most to the sensory perception of juiciness in meat?

water and intramuscular fat (marbling)

What is the common name for the pelt removal process during sheep slaughter?

Fisting

Name 8 essential amino acids.

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine (HIL PVT LMT)

How are processed cheeses made?

processed cheese are made either with the trimmings that are left over from the manufacture of other cheeses, or from dried milk powder

How do sodium chloride and sucrose affect foam stability?

sodium chloride reduces foam stability and sucrose improves foam stability

What is the common name of a 16:0 saturated fatty acid?

Palmitic

What are the six classes of IFT membership?

Premier, premier early carrier, networking and engagement, international joint membership, emeritus, student

When does buffering occur in foods?

when a weak acid and a salt (its conjugate base) are present in the same food

What are descriptions of routine tasks in a food processing operation?

Standard operating procedures

Integration of lethality will determine which value

F sub zero

List three (3) impacts of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act (aka Bioterrorism Act) on FDA regulation of the food industry.

FDA now has administrative detention authority for foods suspected of being adulterated; All food processing and handling facilities under FDA jurisdiction must register with the agency; Importers of food must give prior notice to the FDA; Establishment and maintenance of records; Eliminated “port shopping” by importers;

What does a BCU of 0.00 indicate?

The BCU (baking contrast units) range from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.

What are some of the advantages of using the general method to calculate lethality?

simple to perform, most accurate method as long as: temperature measurement is accurate, time interval is reasonable, and a proper integration method is chosen, is a good tool for process evaluation

Regular orange extract contains 250 flavor compounds. How many are found in artificial orange?

In what year was the color additives amendment added to the Delaney Clause?

1960

In which form glucose stored in the liver and in skeletal muscle?

Glycogen

The science of the deformation and flow of matter is known as

Rheology

How does heating of a dielectric material via dipole rotation occur?

frictional heat between dipoles (e.g., dipoles in water) while rotating to orient themselves to the rapidly oscullating electric field

What is caramelization and provide the caramelization temperatures for sucrose, glucose and fructose.

Oxidation of sugar Sucrose – 160 deg C or 320 degF Glucose – 160 deg C, 320 degF Fructose – 110 deg C or 230 degF

Eugenol is the active and pungent component of what spice?

Cloves

The Codex general standards for labeling, what is the only situation that ingredient list is not needed?

if it is single ingredient

What temperature type of sensor is based on the effect of a junction between two different metals that produce a voltage that increases with temperature?

thermocouple

How are bacteria grouped according to Bergey’s Manual?

gram reaction, morphology (rod or cocci), growth with or without oxygen, by familia

If you have 8 panelists who will try all 4 samples, what type of experimental design would you use and how many degrees of variance would you have?

randomized complete block design; degrees of variance 8-4 = 4

As temperature increases, what happens to the density of a solution?

Decrease

The decrease in pH that occurs in postmortem muscle is caused by?

Hydrolysis of ATP

What is required for a product to bear the label "organic"?

Products labeled “organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt). Any remaining ingredients must consist of non-agricultural substances that appear on the NOP National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances.

Name three tropical fruits grown commercially in the continental US.

Avocado, banana/plantain, carambola/star fruit, dragon fruit/pitaya, guava, jackfruit, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, papaya, sapodilla

What comes in crimmini, morel, oyster, and wood ear varieties?

mushrooms

What is the only meat wholesale cut traded on the chicago mercantile exchange?

pork bellies

What British dessert shares name with atomic model?

Plum pudding

Name 5 hydrophobic surfactants.

DATEM Soy lecithin Calcium stearoyl lactylate Glycerol monoleate Sorbitan trioleate Oleic acid

In sensory tests what scale is used to measure the appropriateness or optimum level of specific attributes?

Just about right

How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?

What is the name of a recent book that is being compared with Upton Sinclair's The Jungle Of the early 1900s because of its critical evaluation of the meat industry as well as fast food chains?

Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser

What three amino acids correspond to I, F, T?

Isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine

Name three methods for the calculation of lethality.

general, formula (ball) method, and numerical

Name five items that must be on a food label.

Name (statement of identity), weight (Net contents of the package), nutritional label, contact information, List of ingredients

The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called

B-carotene

What unstable intermediate of monosaccharides mutarotate?

hemiacetal

What toxic pigment is found in cottonseed endosperm?

Gossypol

What are the polarities of the staionary and mobile phases in N-HPLC?

mobile is non-polar, stationary is polar

Name 2 food born pathogens that can grow at refrigerator temperatures.

Yersinia enterocolitican, aeromonas hydrophilia, listeria monocytogenes

Name 4 enzymes required to produce high fructose corn syrup.

alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, xylose isomerase

What color of anthocyanin pigment predominates at an acidic pH?

Red

What are the main classes of flavonoids?

Neoflavonoids, isoflavonoids, bioflavonoids

What is the percentage acid, by weight, in a typical cola?

Ten percent (accept 8 – 12%)

What are mohr's titration and volhard titration used for?

determining salt concentration

List the following olive oil grades from most pure to least pure. US virgin olive oil not fit for human consumption without further processing, US extra virgin, US virgin, US olive oil, US refined olive oil

US extra virgin, US virgin, US virgin not fit for human consumption without further processing, US olive oil, US refined olive oil

To be classified as Champagne a sparkling wine must have 90psi or 6 atm of pressure. What is the concentration of sugar added, known as the liqueur de triage, to achieve this pressure during the 2nd fermentation?

24 g/L

What drink was developed in 1767 to help mariners stay healthy on long sea voyages?

Tonic water/ carbonated water

What is the processing difference between fresh pack and salt stock (genuine) pickles?

Fresh pack pickles are only marinated (with vinegar and salt and sometimes sugar) , whereas salt stock pickles are fermented.

What is the difference between a nanoparticle and a colloid?

Size, nano particles are smaller than colloids. Nanoparticles are 1-100nm, colloids range from a nanometer to micrometers.

What preservative is added to wine?

sulfites

What are the 7 principles of HACCP?

1. conduct a hazard analysis 2. identify critcal control points(CCPs) 3. establish critical limits 4. establish monitoring procedes 5. establish corrective actions 6. establish verification procedures 7. establish record-keeping procedures

What are the compounds responsible for pungency in the black pepper, chilli peppers, mustard and ginger?

black pepper – piperine, chili pepper – capsaicin, ginger – gingerol, mustard allyl isothiocyanate

An element found in proteins but not in carbohydrates is what?

Nitrogen

What year is food drugs and cosmetic act?

1938

Gouda cheese origin?

Netherlands

The degradation of what compound in cooked fish causes it to be flaky?

Collagen that is turned into gelatin

Who was the French inventor of airtight food preservation, and is also known as the "father of canning"?

Nicolas Appert

Name the type of rancidity, which occurs by the hydrolysis of an ester bond and produces free fatty acids.

Hydrolytic rancidity

What happens if whipped cream is whipped too far?

The fat begins to turn into butter

What is the latent heat of fusion?

constant temperature as a liquid turns to a gas

What 2 amino acids are aspartame derived from?

aspartic acid and phenylalanine

How many carbons are in lactose?

Give the genus/species of the organism used in processing Brie and Camambert cheeses what forms a white crust.

Penecillium Camambertii

What is the most advantageous type of IR and why?

far-IR, most food components absorb radiative energy in this region

The INQ or "index of nutritional quality" for a nutrient in a food is ...

a ratio between the amount of nutrient in food/calorie and the human need or allowance for that nutrient/calorie

What sweetener did ira remsen discover in 1879?

Saccharine

In material/energy balance for continuous processes, what must also be considered?

time

Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.

total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein

Eureka and Lisbon are the two most common varieties of what fruit?

Lemon

Name two anti-microbial factors found in raw milk.

Lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme

Name the body of FAO WHO concern refreshed standards including additives and pesticides. In foods allowable limits micronutrient supplementation.

Codex Alimentarius Commission

In beer making, during the boiling process, roughly 25-35% of the alpha acids in the bitter hops are converted to what compound?

iso-alpha acids

Name 2 types of dielectric heating.

radio frequency and microwave heating

Surstroming', the swedish dish so smelly it's usually opened outdooors, is the fermented product of what seafood?

Fermented sea herring

What is the name of structural carbohydrate found in lobsters, crab, shellfish and insects?

Chitin

What is a savory, usually acidic, sauce in which meat is soaked to enrich its flavor or to tenderize it?

Marinade

Meat is regulated by?

USDA

What month is designated as National Meat Month?

January

Term used to describe a compound causing defects in growing featus?

teratogen

8 geographic areas of IFT student associations.

1. Central Atlantic Area 2. Midwest Area 3. North Atlantic Area 4. North Central Area 5. Pacific Northwest Area 6. Pacific Southwest Area 7. South Central Area 8. Southeast Area

A bacteria, yeast or filamentous fungi in which the genetic material has been changed through in vitro nucleic acid techniques or fusion of cells is referred to as what by the FAO-WHO?

genetically modified microorganisms

What city hosts a Solar egg frying contest every July 4?

Oatman, Arizona

On average in the US how many tons of food will a person eat in their lifetime?

35 tons

What is kwashiorkor?

protein malnutrition in the presence of adequate calories

What additive can be legally used to restore the color of fresh meat?

none

What food characteristics influence microwave heating?

dielectric properties, thermal properties (specific heat), size and shape of food, food orientation in microwave, physical state of water (ice and water), moisture content, salt content, oil content

What are the eight vegetables in Campbell’s “V-8” Juice?

tomato, carrot, lettuce, celery, parsley, watercress, spinach, beets bcclpstw

what are the 2 main components of food that absorb far-IR energy?

water and organic compounds (such as proteins and starches)

What type of microorganisms can grow in oxygen but prefer to grow in oxygen reduced environments?

Microaerophilic

Name the favorite drink of the fictional secret agent James Bond and how he likes it served.

Dry Martini, shaken not stirred (vodka martini and dirty martini acceptable)

What is the maximum temperature required for tempering the following types of chocolate? Bittersweet chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate

Bittersweet – 31-32 deg C or 88-90F Milk – 29-30dec C or 84-86F White – 28-29deg C or 82-84F

In 2008 and 2009, which state had the highest value of production (production multiplied by average price per pound) of honey?

North Dakota

Which is the country of origin of the following cheeses: Cheddar, Mozzarella, Gouda, Edam, Hawartii

Cheddar: England, mozzarella: italy, Gouda and Edam: Netherlands, Havarti: Denmark

True or False: Yeast contains glutamic acid.

True, 8-10% of whole yeast

What specific vitamins and minerals are added to enrich macaroni and noodle products?

Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, iron

What viral disease in cloven-hoofed animals causes fluid-filled blisters on their mouth, tongue, teats, muzzle, and skin between their hooves?

Hoof (foot) and mouth disease

What does “GRAS” stand for?

generally recognized as safe

How many FDA regions are there in the U.S.?

What nation produces 40% of the world's vanilla?

Indonesia

What is specific gravity?

ratio of density of a substance to the density of water at a given temperature

What sterol synthesized by plant upon exposure to UV convert to Vit D

ergosterol

How many main effects are there in a three way ANOVA?

Why do O-H covalent bonds have partial ionic character?

because the oxygen molecule is highly electronegative

Swiss style yogurt is what?

Yogurt with fruits mixed

What class of pigments has 2 cyclic aromatic rings, one with oxygen included?

flavonoids

A container that is absolutely impermeable to gases and vapors throughout its entirety is called what?

Hermetic

Shoyu, Miso, and tempeh are all examples of foods made from what raw material?

Soybean

According to Codex Al, min fat % in creams?

0.1

What is a facultative anaerobe?

a microbe that can grow with or without oxygen

What are the parameters that are controlled during post harvest preservation of fruits and vegetables?

temperature and humidity

What is an exotoxin?

Toxic proteins secreted by bacteria and released outside of the cell

What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?

deficiency: rickets, abdominal protrusion; toxicity: soft tissue calcification, renal damage

Name 10 divisions of IFT.

aquatic food products, biotechnology, carbohydrate, dairy foods, education, extension & outreach, food chemistry, food engineering, food law & regulations, food microbiology, food packaging, food service, fruit & vegetable products, international, marketing, sales & management, muscle foods, nonthermal processing, nutraceuticals & functional foods, nutrition, product development, protein, quality assurance, refrigerated & frozen foods, sensory & consumer sciences, toxicology & safety evaluation

4 cups: ? pint

quart

What does AOAC stand for?

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

What is the main difference between a triangle test and a 2 or 3-AFC test?

triangle tests the difference is unknown, 2-AFC the subjects are specified to what characteristic is different.

What plant is actually the world’s largest herb?

the banana plant (it doesn’t actually have boughs or a woody trunk!)

What compound in chocolate stimulates the central nervous system and makes dogs sick?

Theobromine

Based on the National institute of alcohol abuse and alcoholism, what is the volume in fluid ounces of a standard drink for the following, beer (5%), malt liquor, wine and distilled spirit?

12 fl oz of beer, 8-9 fl oz of malt liquor, 5 fl oz of wine, 1.5 fl oz of distilled spirits

This sweetener has about 150-250 times the sweetness power of sucrose and is a dipeptide of aspartic acid and phenylalanine 1-methyl ester

Aspartame

What are the major pigments in yellow peppers?

Carotenoids

Give an example of fats/oils classed as Oleic-Linoleic Acid fats.

Peanut, sunflower, safflower, olive, sesame, soybean

Couscous is made from what?

Semolina, durum wheat

What is the chemical name for the original saran wrap product?

Polyvinylidene chloride

Historically, which fruit has been the symbol of American hospitality?

pineapple

What meat protein is primarily responsible for the color in meat?

Myoglobin

What is the name of propylene polymer stretched in various directions?

Biaxial-PP

What are the 3 USDA grades of eggs?

AA, A, B

Give the name of the product made from dired, fermented, smoked, skipjack tuna.

bonito flakes

Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?

Wisconsin and Massachusetts

What are the three steps of free radical auto oxidation?

initiation propagation and termination.

What is the monosaccharide composition of the following? Sucrose, lactose, xylose, stachyose, starch and cellulose

sucrose = glucose+fructose Lactose = galactose +glucose Xylose = xylose Stachyose = 2 glucose + 2 galactose Starch = glucose (in alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages) Cellulose = glucose (in beta 1-4 linkages)

How old is a sheep if its meat is considered mutton?

2 years

What 2 compounds are most commonly used as standards for bitterness in sensory evaluation?

quinine and caffeine

Give the order of sweetness for sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and fructose.

trehalose

What is deglutition?

the act or process of swallowing food

Give the genus and species of the organism that produces xanthan gum

Xanthamonas campestris

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

The equation to estimate the pH of a buffer solution containing given concentrations of an acid and its conjugate base

True or false: As a result of exposure to heat, most carotenoids undergo isomerization from trans to cis isomers

True

What instrument is a recording dough mixer that measures and records the torque developed by the action of the blades on Joe during mixing?

Farinographs measure and record the resistance to deformation of a flour/water dough against the mixing action of blades over time and at a specific speed (rpm) and temperature.

Which is the enzyme that is tested to check for the pasteurization of milk?

alkaline phosphatase

What happens during the secondary phase of freeze drying?

removable of non-freezable water via evaporation, lowers the water activity

Which mycotoxin is associated with liver cancer? a. aflatoxin b. ochratoxin c. patulin

a. aflatoxin

True or false? Milk homogenization slows creaming by changing oil droplets radius

True

Name 6 foods that are considered umami foods.

seaweed, parmigiana-reggiano, soy sauce, marmite, fish sauce, green tea, cured ham, tomatoes, sardines, shrimp, beef and mushrooms

Skirt steak is fabricated from which beef primal?

Short plate

Who is the current IFTSA president and what school are they from?

Elizabeth Clark, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

What does the acronym EDTA stand for?

ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Combustion of 10 g of food in a bomb calorimeter increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 5°C. How many calories are present in 100 g of this food?

50 (kcal)

What is the major fermentable sugar in brewer’s wort?

Maltose

When ingredients are described on baker’s percentage, how are the amounts of all ingredients determined?

Weight percentage of flour

What process in yogurt manufacturing shortens the incubation time because the cultures are anaerobic and grow faster?

Deaeration

What is the difference between all purpose flour and cake flour?

Total protein content

What is the most popular ice cream flavor?

Vanilla

IFT has approved undergraduate programs in Food Science at Universities in over 7 countries. Name 4 of them.

USA, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Argentina, Indonesia, China, Australia, Ireland, Costa Rica, Malaysia, United arab emirates, Honduras, Thailand

To slow the deterioration process of fruits what gas is added to the storage environment?

CO2

Which test would you use to determine whether Coke is sweeter than Pepsi?

Paired comparison for sweetness

Which bacteria, typically found on raw chicken, is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhea in the united states?

Campylobacter jejuni

What is the minimum pH of growth for most Gram negative aerobic bacteria?

5.3

Edible sausage casings used for many sausages are made from which layer of the beef hide?

corium

What is the term that describes food placed in a plastic pouch and then cooked for a long time in a water bath or steam at a low temperature?

sous vide (poaching is different and at higher temperatures)

What is the difference between somesthesis and kinesthesis?

somesthesis = tactile sense, skin feel; Kinesthesis = deep pressure sense of proprioception

In addition to standards of identity, the FDCA also provides for the establishment of standards of _________ and ______________

Standard of Quality and Standard of Fill

What is oleostearin?

the solid portion of beef fat after removal of oleo oil

What is the primary purpose of the FDA?

Enforce the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act

In 2008, Ajinomoto announced a new non-caloric artificial sweetener derived from Aspartame, about 20,000 times sweeter than sucrose and 110 times sweeter than aspartame. Name the sweetener.

Advantame

Citrus HLB is a bacterial disease. What does it stand for?

Huanglongbing or citrus greening

What is another name for cilantro?

Coriander

What causes wrinkled casings of beef sticks?

There could be several reasons for these results. The temperature may have risen too high. The sausage may not have been showered with cold water immediately after it was finished smoking. The sausage casings may not have been stuffed to their full capacity.

The gold or golden-brown color of Matnakash bread is obtained how?

Coating the surface with sweet tea powder before baking.

What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?

spoilage = inedible food but not unsafe(judgmental to what is not acceptable); poisoning = causes illness through infections(detrimental effect to system)

A noncoding section of DNA in a gene from eukaryotes is called what?

Inron

What are the disadvantages of removing water from foods during processing?

different physical appearance (excluding freeze drying), energy consuming (more expensive), and if it is heat drying there is a decrease in food quality

What is the term for the use of heat to eliminate a desired number of microorganisms from a food product?

thermal processing

Made with different cheeses around the world, the New York style of this dessert uses cream cheese.

Cheesecake

Choke berries are high in polyphenols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, and other antioxidants. What are choke berries also known as?

Aronia berries

Turbulent flow is characterized by NRE = _______________

pvD (p = density, v = flow velocity, D = orifice diameter)

What does CFR stand for?

Code of Federal Regulations

What is the name for the 5th basic taste, sometimes called savory?

Umami

What is a food infestation?

the consumption of a food containing a parasite

What chemical compound is associated with fishy and carb-like odors?

TMA

What is the major difference between soy flour and soya flour?

soy flour is from raw soybeans and soya flour from lighty toasted soy beans

how many carbon atoms and how many double bonds are in arachidonic acid?

20 carbons and 4 double bonds

Rank the following pulse waveforms used in pulsed electric field processing in order of increasing electrical efficiency: oscillatory, square wave, exponentially decaying

exponentially decaying, square wave, bipolar, oscillatory

On average was is the % water, % protein, % carbohydrate and % oil content of raw soybeans?

7-8% water, 31-32% carbohydrate, 40% protein, 21% oil

What trace mineral helps with the metabolism and movement of glucose?

Chromium

Thiobarbituric acid number or value indicates what?

Thiobarbituric acid– lipid oxidation

What would be acceleration of a 2 kg mass when 60 N force is applied?

Accl: 30 m/s2

What type of analysis estimates the "moisture", "crude fat", "crude protein", "ash" and "carbohydrate by difference" in a food product?

Proximate analysis

A can seam defect call “cut over” is also known as what?

Sharp seam

What is reverse osmosis?

applying pressure to exceed the osmotic pressure of the solution

Which protein in eggs has antimicrobial properties?

Lysozyme

What are the three types of junctions in a thermocouple?

Exposed, ungrounded, grounded.

Name four molecular characteristics of proteins desirable for film and foam formation.

soluble; large; amphipathic; flexible domains; interactive regions; disposition of charged groups; retention of structure; and polar residues

What is food intolerance?

a person has difficulty digesting a particular food.

What are 4 major tests for allergies?

oral challenge, RAST, skin test, Immunoblotting and Basophil release

Typically, what color is the fat of a cow's carcass that have only been grass fed?

yellow

Aspartame, an artificial sweetener, should not be consumed by people with what metabolic condition?

PKU

What color is expected when many starches react with iodine?

blue-black

Withering, rolling, fermenting and firing are all processes associated with the production of which beverage?

Tea

The fifth taste response, activated by flavor potentiators like MSG, is called

umami

At what university was IFT chartered?

MIT in 1939

Name four components of Cosmopolitan cocktail.

Vodka, cranberry juice, lime, triple sec

Maltol and ethyl maltol are effective at sparing what common food ingredient

sugar

A thermal death curve plots ___ against _____.

temperature vs. time

Toxins produced by molds are called _________?

mycotoxins

What are the three main classes of carrageenan?

Iota, Kappa, Lambda

The enzyme used to manufacture the liquid center of candies is:

invertase

Sensory evaluation methods that are devised to measure the acceptance of a product are called Affective Tests. Give an example.

A paired preference test, A preference ranking test, and The hedonic test method

Identify the organic acids in the following products: grapefruit, oranges, grapes, vinegar

citric, citric, tartaric, acetic

Name the different components of the food pyramid and the recommended number of servings for each.

1) Fats, oil, sweet (use spraringly) 2) Milk, yogurt, cheese group (2-3 servings) 3) Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs & nuts group (2-3 servings) 4) Vegetable group (3-5 servings) 5) Fruit group (2-4 servings) 6) Bread, cereal, rice and paste group (6-11 servings)

What term describes the ability of fat to exist in different crystalline forms?

Polymorphism

What is the scientific name of the muscle from which canadian bacon is manufactured?

Longissimus dorsi

What is the most commonly used proteolytic enzyme, an extract from the papaya plant?

Papain

The occupational safety and health administration enforces standards on safety in the workplace through ______ and __________

inspection and penalties

In 2013, Wisconsin declared a new state pastry. This pastry is hand-rolled from Danish pastry dough (wienerbrød dough) that has been rested overnight before shaping, filling, and baking. Many sheets of the flaky dough are layered, then shaped into an oval. After filling with fruit, nut, or other flavor combinations, the pastry is baked and iced. What is the name of this pastry?

Kringle

What is the definition of an oligosaccharide?

Contains 3 to 10 monosaccharides (more than 2 less than 11)

A mojonnier flask is generally used for what?

extraction of fat (normally from milk)

Three main polymorphic forms of fats.

Alpha, beta prime, beta

Which of these crops is not listed for product development competition in the NASA space program: A) peanuts B) spinach C) watermelon D) tomato?

Watermelon

Typical mutton carcasses always have ___ joints on their front shanks.

spool

In packaging terminology, when does EVOH stands for?

ethylene vinyl alcohol

What law of filtration rate to change in presse drop across a filter bed?

Dary's law

What is the acid present in fish oil?

Arachidonic acid

What acid causes the pH of normal muscle to drop after slaughter?

Lactic acid

What is the typical width of the pulse used in pulsed electric field processing?

1-10 microseconds

What is the name for a tall chef’s hat?

Toque

How many divisions of IFT are there and list 10.

24 Divisions. Dairy Foods, Food Engineering, Food Packaging, International, Food Chemistry, Carbohydrates, Foodservice, Biotechnology, Food Laws & regulation, Muscle food, Nutrition, Product development, Protein, Quality Assurance

Launched in Dec 2022, the Del Monte zero pineapple is now available in certain markets of US and Europe. What makes it unique?

Certified carbon neutral with zero emission

What compound causes salmon to turn pink?

Astaxanthin

What is the meaning of Mai Tai in Tahitian language?

Out of this world

What is resistant starch resistant to?

digestion by pancreatic enzymes

What organ converts lactic acid to glucose?

Liver

What structures do bacteria such as e. coli use for movement?

Flagella

Why are fats neutralized during processing and manufacture and how is it done?

oil breakdowns to Free fatty acid & other simple compounds, lead to off flavor & off odors, Soap is formed from the fatty acids by addition of alkali to remove these undesirables.

What does FSIS stand for?

Food safety and inspection service

Which lipoprotein transports triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?

VLDL

With fermented cucumbers or cabbage, why is salt added?

to discourage the growth of Pseudomonas and enterobacteria

When baking, what can you substitute for buttermilk?

1 tsp salt + 1 cup whole milk

What enzyme converts starches to sugars and is present in saliva?

Amylase

Which of the following allergens does Canada require to be labeled but the United States does not? Shellfish, Celery, Sesame, Egg

Sesame

What are the 5 major classes of microorganisms based on temperature?

Psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

State Hook's law.

F = -kx (k = spring constant, x = spring elongation, F = force)

What type of lettuce was called crisphead until the 1920's?

Iceberg lettuce

What is the common name of Hylocereus undatus?

Dragon fruit

Deficiency of what vitamin is associated with neural tube defects?

folate (B9)

What animal do we eat before it’s born and also after it’s dead?

Chicken

Name 5 vegetables that contain phytoestrogens.

beans, soy products, peas, lentils, whole grains, flaxseed, rye, millet.

Rank the following fatty acids from lowest to highest melting point: oleic, elaidic, lauric, linolenic.

linolenic, oleic, lauric, elaidic

Formula to calculate D-value.

D1 = D2 × 10(T2 - T1)/Z

Complete the term: First in

first out, aka FIFO

Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines

Orchids

What is the effect of drying on Vitamin C?

vitamin C reduction/loss

Which of the following are not part of a can double seam? A - cover hook, B - body hook, C - overlap, D - cover slip

d – cover slip

What is the purpose of having a back pressure device for the hold tube?

to prevent flashing or boiling

What type of heating arises from the direct conversion of electrical energy in the form of microwaves to heat within the volume of the food itself?

microwave heating

An example of a "saturated" fatty acid is the 16 carbon molecule called ____________?

palmitic acid

Which of the following foods are considered a source of complete protein? A. chicken B. soybean C. yogurt D. A & C, E. all of the above

What is the definition of essential amino acids?

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be present in the diet

The flavor profile has become a standard approach to the sensory measurement of aromas and flavors. What company developed this method in 1948?

arthur d. little inc.

Name 2 ways yeast divide.

Budding (a special kind of mitosis) and Meiosis

The D-value as a function of temperature has what type of relationship?

linear

EDTA and citric acid are examples of what group of additives used in foods?

metal chelators - prevent oxidation

Name 3 way to analyze secondary lipid oxidation compounds.

TBARS, VOC, HPLC, gas chromatography, sensory panel

What are two approaches used to make intermediate-moisture foods?

Partial Drying, Osmotic Drying, Dry Infusion, Blending (formulation)

What is the term used to describe the least energy capable of producing a sensation?

absolute threshold

Which state has the highest per capita consumption of jello?

Utah

Protein A is eluted faster than Protein B on a gel filtration column. Which protein has a higher molecular weight?

Protein A

Name the 2 major producers of orange juice concentrate.

florida and brazil

What is a cornmeal based suspension of head meat and/or pork sausage originating from the pennsylvania dutch?

scrapple

What is the honorary society of food science and who founded it?

Phi Tau Sigma, founded by Dr. Gideon Livingston in 1953 at Umass.

What does power dissipation measure and what are the units?

conversion of microwave energy to heat, and W/cm^2

The Delvo test is a commonly used rapid method for detection of antibiotic residue in milk. What organism is used in this test?

Bacillus Stearothermophilus

In sensory, volatile compound sensation

scent

What is the Recommended Daily Allowance for Calcium?

1000 mg for adults

There are 8 grades of beef. Please list them in order of decreasing quality.

US Prime, US Choice, US Select, US standard, US Commercial, US Utility, US Cutter, and US Canner

Solanine found in bittersweet nightshade is a toxin belonging to what chemical compound family?

glycoalkaloids

Are coffee beans decaffeinated before or after roasting and why?

Before, to prevent loss of flavor

What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?

High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat

For a refrigeration cycle, what term is used to describe efficiency?

COP, the coefficient of performance

Which muscle type is under involuntary control and striated?

Cardiac

What is a peptide bond?

covalent bond between 2 amino acid molecules.

What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber

nitrogen in ash fro protein

A gritty texture in ice cream is due to what?

Lactose crystallization

Which fatty acid has the longest hydrocarbon chain?

Hexadecanoic acid, tetracosinoic acid, octadecanoic acid, Triacontanoic acid (30C)

The thermal conductivity of ice is approximately how many times greater than that water?

four times

What is thermal conductivity?

a measure of a material's ability to transfer thermal energy

What is an incipient contaminant?

naturally present on the food product

What genus of microorganisms are most often involved with spoilage of refrigerated fresh meat, poultry, fish, and eggs?

pseudomonas

What is defined as any substance or agent present in food in an amount that renders the food unacceptable or potentially harmful to consumers?

contaminant or adulterant

Rank the following lipoproteins by size: HDL, VLDL< IDL, chylomicrons

chylomicrons>VLDL>IDL>LDL>HDL

What does TQM stand for?

total quality management

What minor compound in bovine milk is used as a standard in protein assays?

BSA

What is "double acting" baking powder?

The first acid reacts by creating gases when mixed with the liquid in the recipe. The second type reacts by creating gases when the batter is exposed to oven heat.

What is reverse osmosis?

Reverse osmosis is a process that removes foreign contaminants, solid substances, large molecules and minerals from water by using pressure to push it through specialized membranes. It is a water purification system used to improve water for drinking, cooking and other important uses.

Define a calorie and specify the number of calories obtained from the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat

a calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree centigrade. Carbohydrates and proteins: 4 kCal/g and fat 9 kcal/g. Remember that one food calorie is one kilocalorie in physics.

What protein exhibits little or no emulsifying properties due to its unique triple helical structure, which is extremely stable and not readily solubilized?

Collagen

Name 3 factors useful in controlling enzyme activity.

Temperature, water content and activity, pH, chemicals, alteration of substrates, alterations of products, preprocessing controls.

Name 5 associations that are associated with IFT.

A.A.A.S A.O.C.S American society of microbiology A.O.A.C. Codex alimantarius commission Council of Scientific Society presidents National Inventors Hall of fame-selection Committee Canadian IFST Phi tau sigma SOT

What month is National Pasta Month?

October

What protein is universally considered to be nutritionally complete?

casein

What is the name of a 18 carbon unsaturated fatty acid with the double bond at the 12-13 position?

Oleic acid

An initial population of 50,000 bacteria grows with a generation time of 30 minutes. About how many bacteria will be present 3 hours later?

3,200,000

What words does the acronym VPP represent in meat processing?

a Verified Premium Plus

Which 2 elements increase Vitamin D adsorption?

Ca and Phosphorous

Soft wheat is preferable for flours used in making cake because

development of weak gluten (soft crumb etc.)

What organisms do the following media select for and how do the colonies appear on the media? XLD (xylose lysine deoxycholate), VRBA (violet red bile agar), EMB (eosin methylene blue), baird parker, macconkey

f) XLD- salmonella- red colonies- black centers and shigella-red colonies g) VRBA- enterobacteriaceae, pink colonies h) EMB- coliforms, E.coli turns metallic green i) Baird Parker-staph aureus- black j) Mcconkey- Macconkey- coliforms, pink- if lactose fermenting, colorless if not, E.coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staph aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris

What are the two roles of salt in bread making?

changes taste, effects rheological properties by making dough stronger

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of microwave heating?

Advantages: Higher heating rates; no direct contact between the heating source and the heated material; selective heating may be achieved; greater control of the heating or drying process; reduced equipment size and waste Disadvantages: Radiation; the texture of food, color, and taste will change

List 3 in vitro assays for determing alternative oxidase(AOX) activity.

ORAC, FRAP, DPPH radical, TEAC, CUPRAC, B-carotene-linolenic acid, PCL, TRAP, PSC

What US state has the greatest number of farms?

Texas

In what year were the official United States standards for grades of carcass beef promulgated?

1926

Despite its name what cookie was invented in the early 1900s in San Francisco?

Fortune cookie

In cocoa processing, what does NARS stand for?

Nibs alkalizing roasting and sterilizing

A popular south asian delicacy, Balut is a dish cooked by boiling or steaming what and eaten from its shell?

Fertilized developing duck egg embryo

Give 3 examples of a crystalline candy and 3 examples of a non-crystalline candy.

crystalline – fondant, fudge, buttercream, divinity, penuche/lollipops, caramels Non-crystalline – marshmallows, jelly beans, taffies, and nut brittles

What does the Kjeldahl method measure in foods?

Nitrogen content

Dimitri Mendeleev is credited with the creation of what?

Periodic table

What is the term for determining the microwave absorptivity of a material and absorbed microwave energy determines the amount of energy converted to heat?

dielectric loss factor

Name the enzyme that converts glucose to fructose and vice versa.

glucose isomerase

Flour and water mixtures that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products are called what?

Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)

What do the following abbreviations stand for? PV, FSIS, CFR, PER, DP, NMR, ESR, HPLC

PV = peroxide value FSIS = food safety and inspection service CFR = code of federal regulations PER = protein efficiency ratio DP = degree of polymerization NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance ESR = electron spin resonance HPLC = high pressure liquid chromatography

What is the state fruit of Tennessee?

Tomato

What is the meaning of the term "organoleptic testing"?

Measuring of attributes of food that individuals sense via sight, sound, taste, smell, etc.

What color is the USDA inspection legend, or inspection seal, on horse meat?

Green

What is the difference between folate and folic acid?

Folate is a naturally occuring B vitamin. Folic acid is the synthetic form of this vitamin.

What is the acid present in fish oil?

Arachidonic acid

What are some disadvantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?

only can use at a constant retort process temperature, the cooling portion modeling is empirical and may over/under estimate lethality

What tropical plant produces bromelin, a meat tenderization enzyme?

pineapple

The combination of wintergreen, vanilla, and cassis (cinnamon) make up this commonly recognized flavor

Bubblegum

What instrument is used to measure soluble solids in foods?

refractometer

What two metal wires compose a T-type thermocouple?

copper and constantan

What are the 3 principal functions of food packaging?

protect the food from outside influences and damage, contain the food, and provide the consumers with ingredient and nutritional information. (secondary functions that may be acceptable include traceability, convenience, and tamper indication)

What are the three spore-forming foodborne pathogens?

bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum

Name 5 of the IFTSA competitions/awards.

chapter of the year, excellence in leadership award, college bowl, IFTSA & MARS product development challenge, student food packaging development competition, IFTSA developing solutions for developing countries competition, smart snacks for kids product development competition, graduate research video competition, undergraduate research competition, food science in action competition.

Name 6 colors used to classify teas.

black, green, white, yellow, blue-green, and red

Name three appointed officer positions in IFTSA.

Vice President of Marketing, VP of Development and Communications, VP of Membership Experiences, VP of Competitions, VP of IFT Relations

Reduced fat ice cream has how much less fat than regular ice cream?

At least 25%

What 2 antibiotics are legal food additives?

nisin & natamycin

What does the % overrun measure in whipping cream and ice cream?

The amount of incorporated air into the product.

Rank in increasing water activity: Honey, bread, condensed milk, peanut butter

Peanut butter, honey, condensed milk, bread

How many teams will be competing in the College Bowl competition finals in June?

What fruit is used to make 'tarte au sucre'?

None, there is no fruit in tarte au sucre

What is AAS and what is the principle of its use?

atomic absorption spectroscopy; it is an analytical method for determination of elements based on absorption of radiation from a light source by the free atoms

Botulism was given its Latin-derived name because it was associated with what food?

Sausage

Even though bread has sucrose, a non-reducing sugar, how does it brown?

sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose

What is the SI unit for power and what are the respective dimensions?

Watts, joules per second

What is a set of directions that should (must) be followed to ensure food safety when completing certain tasks such as cooking chicken, cooling a food, or sanitizing a work surface?

Standard operating procedures

What purpose Na pyrophosphate serve in foods?

alkaline cleaners

What are the 3 common names for Corylus Avellana?

hazelnut, cobnut and filbert nut

What is the pH range of the indicator phenolphthalein?

8-9.6

To be classified as whole milk what is the legal percentage of butter fat required?

3.25%

What inorganic compound in red meat is needed for the manufacture of many enzymes and hormones in the human body?

Zinc

What are surfactants?

organic molecules that exhibit both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties due to the presence of poplar and nonpolar groups.

Name 1 way for genetic material exchange between bacteria.

transduction, conjugation, transformation

In order, name the first three ingredients in a regular Coke and in Diet Coke.

Regular: Carbonated water, high fructose corn and/or sucrose syrup, caramel color; Diet: Carbonated water, caramel color, aspartame.

What is SCP?

single cell protein

What off flavor of milk develops as a result of the release of hydrogen sulfide?

Cooked flavor

What class of compounds causes bitterness and astringency in red wines?

phenols, polyphenols or phenolic compounds

Phosphorylation is a post translational modification of protein essential for their function. Name three aas that can be phosphorylated.

Serine, threonine, tyrosine

The International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians (IAMFES) have recently undergone a name change. What is the new name for this organization?

International Association for Food Protection (IAFP)

What is the function of erythromycin?

Antibiotics

Name the French liqueur made from elderflowers.

Saint Germain

The acidulant responsible for the "flat" sourness in cola drinks is what?

phosphoric acid

What is the traditional source of rennet?

the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves

Balancing cost, speed, and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup is used by the industry? a. forced draft oven b. reflux distillation c. hygrometer d. NIR

c. hygrometer

What is the FDA's definition of "safe and suitable ingredients" for use in food products?

d) Safe and suitable means that the ingredient: (1) Performs an appropriate function in the food in which it is used. (2) Is used at a level no higher than necessary to achieve its intended purpose in that food. (3) Is not a food additive or color additive as defined in section 201 (s) or (t) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as used in that food, or is a food additive or color additive as so defined and is used in conformity with regulations established pursuant to section 409 or 721 of the act.

What is the term given to the contents of the GI tract at the time of slaughter and affects dressing percentage more than most other factors?

fill

What instrument is used for dough-mixer to measure torque?

Farinograph

What genera of gram negative, facultative anaerobe are catalase positive, oxidase negative, ubiquitous and cause foodborne illness?

Salmonella

What exemption is given to unpasteurized citrus juice under the FDA juice HACCP rule?

The 5 log reduction can be done cumulatively through treatments of the fruit and other steps in the process, rather that on the juice itself as required for all other juices

The name for a mixture of fat and flour that is used to thicken sauces?

Roux

A wine lacking in sweetness is referred to as what?

Dry

What is the main spirit found in each of the following cocktails? Pina colada, daiquiri, john Collins, flying grasshopper, margherita

Pina colada – rum Daiquiri – rum John Collins – gin Flying grasshopper – vodka Margherita - tequila

According to the standard of identity, what is the maximum fat content allowed in a frankfurter?

30%

The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides

C) triacylglycerides

What was the first food eaten on the moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin Jr?

Hot dogs

What country is the world’s largest producer of Vanilla?

Madagascar

What is the shape of the federal inspection stamp for exotic meat?

A triangle

What does aerogenic bacteria produce?

Gas

What is the main water soluble component of coffee?

caffeine

If the freezing point of milk is closer to zero degrees C, what could be the cause?

Adulteration with water

Chiffon, marble, and bundt are types of what?

Cake

What toxin-producing Gram-positive cocci can cause illness within 30 minutes of eating contaminated food?

Staphylococcus aureus

What spice from the dried leaves of an herb in the mint family gives pork sausage its typical flavor?

Sage

The artificial sweetener which is also a dipeptide?

Aspartame

One of the main characters from the popular sitcom 'Sex and the City', Carrie Bradshaw, always orders this drink on her frequent nightclub visits with girlfriends. Name the drink and its four components.

Cosmopolitan cocktail; made with vodka, triple sec, lime juice/lime, cranberry juice

Recommended RDA for iron for a woman age 19-50?

18 mg

What spoilage compound is associated with a medicinal off odor caused by alicyclobacillus?

Guaiacol

What is gingerol and where is it found?

Characteristic ginger flavor from the ginger root

What enzyme is used to tenderize meat?

Papain

Chickens that are beyond their production capacity for egg-laying and are no longer usable in human food are called what?

Spent hens

What tree do prunes come from?

The plum tree.

What relies on abrasion of meat against stainless steel rotating paddles to accomplish diffusion and binding of curing ingredients with meat?

Messaging

What pH distinguishes the difference between low acid and high acid foods?

pH 4.6

Name 6 fatty acids in chocolate.

Capric, caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic

What is zoonosis?

disease spread to humans from vertebrate animals

What is the highest designation of wine quality in Italy?

DOCG, Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita

T/F Chocolate prevents dental caries.

True

What term refers to very low Coronary heart diseases despite a diet high in solid fat?

French paradox

What is the benefit of HTST pasteurization?

less change in nutrient composition and sensory attributes, less change in overall food quality, continuous throughput, lower utility costs, longer shelf life

Name a dielectric material that is composed of weakly bonded molecules that reorient so their symmetry axis aligns to the field.

glass is dielectric

What is the percent RNA and protein in a ribosome?

60% RNA, 40% protein

Polar groups form hydration shells in water by what type of interactions?

dipole-dipole or H-bridges

In dairy, what is PMO?

Pasteurized Milk Ordinance

What type of pastry is typically used as the base for tarts, pies, or quiches?

short crust

Which book brought attention to the effects of widespread use of pesticide?

Silent Spring

Addition of alpha-amylase on starch gives what disaccharide?

Maltose

What is the principle flavor compound in hazelnuts?

Filbertone

Name the 3 principal nutrients used to enrich rice.

thiamin, niacin, iron

What are five mycotoxins, and what is one food each is commonly found in?

aflatoxin- (peanuts, tree nuts, corn), patulin- (apples), roquefortine c (blue cheeses), ochratoxin a (grain, pork, coffee, wine grapes), citrinin (grains)

Name the microorganism responsible for tequila fermentation.

zymomonas mobilis

What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?

Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.

What is the name of the membrane that directly surrounds the egg yolk?

vitelline membrane

On what continent were potatoes first cultivated in ca. 200 AD?

South America

Besides extending shelf life and preventing microbial growth, what is another benefit of reducing the water activity of a food?

a lower water content means a lower product volume, making the product easier and cheaper to transport

What are the 4 basic types of peanuts currently used in the food market?

Runner, Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia

What is the term given to inspection of animals prior to slaughter?

Antemortem inspection

An exoenzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of maltose units from the non-reducing end of starch is what?

B-amylase

Give two reasons why deaeration of cream is required to produce high quality butter.

To remove undesirable taste and flavor compounds, to prevent growth of aerobic bacteria, fat oxidation

What is the most common industrial source of lysozyme?

Egg white

Give the michaelis-menten equation and give two assumptions underlying its derivation.

V0 = Vmax ([S]/([S] + KM)); This equation includes the assumption that during the early stages of the reaction so little product is formed that the reverse reaction (product combining with enzyme and re-forming substrate) can be ignored (hence the unidirectional arrow under k3). Another assumption is that the concentration of substrate is much greater than that of total enzyme ([S] >> [Et]), so it can essentially be treated as a constant.

What % fat in bovine milk exists as TAGs? a. 83% b. 88% c. 93% d. 98%

d. 98%

What is the common vector for inserting foreign genes into a bacteria?

Plasmid

What are the dispersed and continuous phases of each of the following: Foam, aerosol, emulsion?

Dispersed: gas, liquid or solid, liquid;Continuous:liquid or solid, gas, liquid

What is the trisaccharide found in beets?

raffinose

What is the CDC's gold standard for microbe fingerprinting?

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)

What general type of foods must go through either retort or pressure cooking under anaerobic conditions?

low acid, high pH foods

In which country's restaurants, 86 is used for item unavailable and 68 for items that are available?

Germany

The main component of an Infrared Heating Equipment is the radiator, name 3 types of radiators and length of wave.

gas heated (long waves), electrically heated radiators (tubular/flat metallic heaters (long waves), ceramic heaters (long waves), quartz tube heaters (medium/short waves), and halogen tube heater (ultra short waves))

West indian, mexican, madagascar are all types of what?

Vanilla

What color of light is absorbed for maximum photosynthesis?

Blue

What is the main advantage of an agitating retort over a still retort?

increase in heat transfer, decrease time for geometric center to reach desired temperature

Why was the McDonalds cherry pie discontinued?

too few cherries per pie.

Name the annual IFT award for preminent contribution in food technology.

Nicholas Appert award

What yeast is used in soy sauce production?

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and/or Torulopsis spp.

Name 2 chemical agents used to accelerate bleaching of wheat flour.

chlorine dioxide (widely used), and benzoyl peroxide

St. Anthony's Fire outbreaks are now very rare. It is caused by a toxin on rye or wheat produced by what ?

claviceps purpurea

What is the term used to describe tying the intestine during evisceration?

Bunging

In restaurants, 86 is used when an item on the menu is no longer available. What number is used when the item is available again?

What is the definition of a gel?

a liquid dispersed in a solid.

What is absolute humidity?

mass of water/mass of dry air

Give an example of a component of unsaponifiable matter

Sterols, cholesterol

What are designer foods?

foods fortified with health promoting ingredients

At what temperature are bacterial spores destroyed?

250 F

What are the foodborne bacterial intoxications?

staphylococcal intoxication: an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus, botulism: a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum

Name 5 artificial sweeteners approved for use in the US.

Saccharin Apartame Acesulfame potassium (Ace-K) Sucralose Neotame Advantame Steviol glycosides Luo Han Guo fruit extracts

Beta cyclodextrin is a cyclic malto oligo saccharide that forms inclusion complexes with various organic compounds. How many glucose units comprise one molecule of beta cyclodextrin?

Seven

What organic acids are associated with the following fruits? Apples, grapes and oranges

apples – malic acid, grapes – tartaric acid, oranges – citric acid

What candy bar allegedly was named in honor of the daughter of President Grover Cleveland?

Baby Ruth

What is the most valuable by-product of cattle?

The hide

What does Thiobarbituric acid number or value tell you?

degree of lipid oxidation

What is the correct technical name for a jigger of grain alcohol?

A pony

What is another term for a twining wine, a wine without tendrils or suckers, most commonly associated with hot pox?

Bine

In general, microbial survival curves follow what type relationship?

first-order exponential

The sun can be approximated as a blackbody at what temperature?

5800K

What drupaceous fruit were Hawaiian women once forbidden by law from eating?

coconut

Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples and is asked whether the samples are the same or different.

Discrimination testing

Name 5 objectives established by IFT founders in original constitution.

1. Facilitate the interchange of ideas among its members 2. Stimulate scientific investigations into technical problems dealing with the manufacture and distribution of food 3. Promulgate the results of research in food technology 4. Offer a forum for discussion 5. Plan, organize, and administer projects for the advancement of food science

Lecithins are structurally like fats but contain what?

Phosphoric acid

In SDS-PAGE, what is the use of SDS?

the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, also known as sodium lauryl sulfate) and polyacrylamide gel largely eliminates the influence of the structure and charge, and proteins are separated solely based on polypeptide chain length.

In which year was the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act enacted?

1967

The fruit known as monkey bread comes from which tree?

Baobab

Sharp freezing can be described as ___________?

still air freezing

Name the genus and species of the organism predominantly responsible for mellow lactic fermentation in wine.

Oenococcus oeni (known as Leuconostoc oeni)

Name the acids that are present in the following: oranges, grapes, apples, and yogurt

orange: citric, grapes: tartaric, apples: malic, yogurt: lactic

During postmortem aging of meat, the pH declines from 7.2 to approximately 5.5. Considering the biochemical pathways associated with this observation identify the primary acid that accumulates during this process.

Lactic acid

What are the ingredients of butter tea?

tea, yak butter (or regular butter), water, and salt.

What end product does the Voges-Proskauer test detect?

Acetoin

In 1990, Hershey's sent 144,000 heat-resistant candy bars to GIs in which operation?

Desert Storm

Which of the following do not require pre-market approval?

structure function claims

Describe the halo effect.

When more than one attribute of a sample is evaluated the ratings will tend to influence each other. Simultaneous scoring of various flavor aspects along with overall acceptability can produce different results than if each characteristic is evaluated separately

What is the most common technique used to make dried pet food?

Extrusion

10 Mandatory nutrients on nutritional label.

1. Total fats 2. Trans fats 3. Sat fats 4. Total calories 5. Cholesterol 6. Sodium 7. Total carbs 8. Dietary fibers 9. Total sugars 10. Added sugars 11. Total protein 12. Iron 13. Calcium 14. Potassium 15. Vit D

What is the most widely used microbe for wine fermentation?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What are de-headed, de-veined and sorted by size in a laitram machine?

Shrimp

From a chemical reaction standpoint why are eggs used to glaze cakes?

They provide the protein needed for Maillard reactions.

What pathogenic bacteria can grow at aw=0.86 ?

Staph Aureus

In horseradish what compound is responsible for the spicy or irritating flavor?

Allyl isothiocyanate (breakdown product of singirin)

What is the name of the substance, which can form colloid suspension as a defect in apple juice?

Pectin

What is the minimum temperature pork should be cooked at to kill Trichinella?

145 F

From what source is C. bot first isolated?

Smoked ham

What causes wrinkled casings of beef sticks?

Mead is an alcoholic beverage made with?

Honey

Name 5 primary functions of food thickeners.

Thickening, emulsion stabilization, suspending, gelation, crystallization, water binding, mouth feel, foam stabilization, flavor fixation, film formation

What is the term for brewing yeast aerobically as opposed to the TCA cycle?

the Crab Tree Effect

Controlled atmosphere is used for the long term storage of apples. What are the main components of controlled atmosphere?

low temperature, low oxygen, high carbon dioxide

What are chitterlings made from?

pork intestine

What is the difference between braising and baking?

Braising uses dry and wet heat, baking uses dry heat

How much volume of 37% HCl is required to make a litre of 1 M HCl with DI water?

82 ml (80-85 ml acceptable)

According to the Codex Alimentarius. What is the difference between extra virgin olive oil and virgin olive oil?

the main differences the oleic acid content so extra virgin must be less than point eight grams per 100 grams and Virgin must be less than two grams per 100 grams.

Which protein is 80% of milk protein?

casein

What happens to both the coordination number and distance between nearest neighbor molecules during the transtion from ice to water?

both increase

Name the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold frozen, canned, processed, cooked or in any other from except fresh.

Lettuce

Name four functions of edible film.

inhibit mass transfer, carry ingredients, improve mechanical integrity, improve appearance

Who developed the process of pasteurization in the1860s?

Louis Pasteur

What is the fruit with highest protein and oil content?

Avocado

What quantitative analysis method is based on the oxidation of reducing sugars by copper ions under alkaline conditions?

Fehling's test

What is the other name for yellow dragon disease in fruit?

Citrus greening

2 piece cans for low acid foods are made in what? a. impact exit b. draw + iron c. draw redraw(?) d. welding

c. draw-redraw

Which vitamin provides the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Thiamine

What are yield grades used to estimate?

Cutability

Describe logical error.

When two or more characteristics of the samples are associated in the minds of the assessors. Knowledge that a darker beer tends to be more flavorful, or that darker mayonnaise tends to be stale, causes the observer to modify his verdict, thus disregarding his own perceptions

What is commercial under counter refrigerator known as

Low Boy

Culinary term for split opening the bird carcass and flattening?

Spatch cocking (also accepted butterflying)

What flavor compound in amaretto?

Benzaldehyde

A retort temperature of 250 F is achieved with how many pounds of pressure?

Give 3 methods for the production of corn syrup from starch.

acid hydrolysis, acid-enzyme hydrolysis, enzyme-enzyme hydrolysis

The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a ray of light on the surface separating two media to the sine of its angle of refraction is called:

refractive index

Describe the mechanism by which CaCl2 firms plant tissues.

divalent Ca++ binds the carboxyl groups of adjacent pectin polymers forming bridges and tightening the structure

What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?

sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid

What are two factors that determine meat quality grade?

Degree of maturity, degree of marbling

Please provide 5 of the 6 “technologies” that are part of the definition of food technology.

selection, preservation, processing, packaging, distribution, and use

What are the class of food pigments which have similar structure and properties to anthocyanins, but are yellow in color called?

Flavonoids

What is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide?

Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world.

What four reagents are generally needed for polymerase chain reaction?

Thermostable Taq DNA polymerase, 5’ and 3’ specific oligonucleotide primers, dNTPs(deoxynucleotides), template DNA

The latin motto of the FAO is "fiat panes." What does the translate to?

"Let there be bread"

What is a nonsolvent wet extraction method used to measure fat in foods?

Babcock or Gerber extractions

This word means "sausage poisoning". It is caused by a powerful toxin that affects the nervous system.

botulism

What are some characteristics of microwaves?

travels at speed of light, non-ionizing form of radiations, can be focused into beams, can transit through hollow tubes, may be absorbed or reflected by the material depending on its dielectric properties, may also transmit through materials without any absorption (includes glas, ceramics, some thermoplastic plastics)

What beef hide defect costs the industry millions of dollars, but is a law some states ?

Branding

what substances are prohibited in foods by the delaney clause?

any substance shown to cause cancer in man or animal

List four main functional properties of egg protein.

Solubility, emulsification, foaming, gelling

If freezing point of milk is close to 0°C, what has happened?

It is adulterated with water

Which of the following words means 'Food expert'? A. Matoman B. Gastronome C. Bistrolog D. Aromist

B. Gastronome

What is made from fermenting leftover liquid after churning butter?

Buttermilk

7 FSMA regulations

Produce safety rule. Foreign supplier verification programs (FSVP) Sanitary Transportation Rule. Protection Against Intentional Adulteration. Accredited Third-Party Certification. Preventive Control Rule for Human and Animal Food. Voluntary Qualified Importer Program (VQIP)

What is the time between ribbing and grading of beef carcasses called that allows oxygenation of the ribeye pigments?

Bloom Time

Original gummy bear was made in 1922 in which country?

Germany

What does AOAC stand for?

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

Name the six classes of enzymes.

Transferases Hydrases Oxidoreductases Ligases Lysases

Which vegetable is the immature flower bud thistle found in sunflower family?

Artichoke

What is the most commonly occurring food allergy in infants and young children?

Cow's milk

What is the only meat cut rich in vitamin A?

Liver

In 2003, the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) unveiled a new program which dramatically changed the way Grade A Milk Processing Facilities may be inspected and listed in the IMS list. What was this program?

Voluntary HACCP program

What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches, in 1996?

Yogurt

What compound initiates the ripening process for fruits and vegetables?

Ethylene

What country is the largest producer of rabbit meat?

France

What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?

very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL

What is the % fat in whole milk?

3.25 (by law)

How many new food and drink products are launched worldwide each year?

100000

How many years has the IFT Fellows designation been used to honor members of IFT?

48 years

Chocolate prevents dental caries.

True

Name four varieties of noble hops.

Noble hops are classic European varieties that are responsible for the signature flavors of pilsner and other Continental lagers. The four noble varieties are: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh Tettnang Spalt Saaz

What are the 3 elements found in carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Name 5 colorants exempt from certification

Annatto extract, Astaxanthin, Astaxanthin dimethyldisuccinate, Dehydrated beets (beet powder), Ultramarine blue, Canthaxanthin, Caramel, [beta]-Apo-8'-carotenal, [beta]-Carotene, Cochineal extract; carmine, Sodium copper chlorophyllin, Toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed flour, Ferrous gluconate, Ferrous lactate, Grape color extract, Grape skin extract (enocianina), Haematococcus algae meal, Synthetic iron oxide, Fruit juice, Vegetable juice, Dried algae meal, Tagetes (Aztec marigold) meal and extract, Carrot oil, Corn endosperm oil, Paprika, Paprika oleoresin, Mica-based pearlescent pigments, Paracoccus pigment, Phaffia yeast, Riboflavin, Saffron, Spirulina extract, Titanium dioxide, Tomato lycopene extract; tomato lycopene concentrate, Turmeric, Turmeric oleoresin.

What is the commercially available electronic instrument used in the food industry which has a relationship to the olfactory response of humans?

Electronic Nose

Daily nutritional value of protein for women 19-50 yrs old?

46 g

Which federal agency houses the National Marine Fishing Service?

US Department of Commerce

How many percentage of sugar is in semi-bitter chocolate? a. 15%, b. 30%, c. 45%, d. 70%

b. 30%

What is an intermediate moisture food?

contains 10-50% water with an Aw of 0.60 - 0.90

What bacterial neurotoxin is used for cosmetic procedures?

Botulism toxic

What is another name for dihydrogen monoxide?

Water, H2O

Which of the following is used to see whether or not milk has been pasteurized? A - phosphatase test, B - refractometer test, C - Jelmeter test, D - Acidophilus test

a – phosphatase test/ Alkaline Phosphatase test.

Hitting the wall is a term runner sometimes uses to describe A. dehydration, B. competition, C. indigestion, D glucose depletion

D. Glucose depletion

To the nearest percentage, what will be the percent of calories from fat in a product that contains four grams of fat, four grams of protein and five grams of carbohydrate?

Fat 9 kcal, CHO 4kcal, protein 4kcal; fat calories = (4*4+4*5+4*9 = 72), (4*5/72 = 50%)

Amino acids absorb light at 190-240 nm because of which bond?

peptide

In what year did IFT celebrate its 50th anniversary?

1989

Name 3 of the 4 most common trigeminal sensations.

oral heat, metallic, astringency and pungency

What sweeters are used in Coke zero sugar in the US?

aspartame and acesulfame K

With regard to chemical structure, what do seed gums (locust bean, guar, arabic, mesquite) all have in common?

They are galactomannans

Sauerkraut results from what kind of fermentation process

Lactic acid

What are the four most commonly used flexible packaging materials?

polyethylene, paper, cellophane, aluminum foil

The PBS/HBO children's television show Sesame Street features a blue muppet character named after a snack and is always hungry for it. Name the character.

Cookie Monster

Juice or beverage spoilage by Alicyclobacillus primarily leads to what spoilage compound, associated with a medicinal off odor?

Guaiacol

What is the desired crystallization type for tempering chocolate?

Type 5

What does HLB stand for?

Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

What is an indicator organism?

An organism used to test changes in water quality conditions or food microbiological analysis by detecting for the presence of harmful pathogens .

Higher alcohols esterified with fatty acids are called?

Waxes

What plant contributes bitter flavor and pleasant aroma to beer?

hops

When/where was the feeding tomorrow fun run held 1st time?

New Orleans, 2001

Those that contain biologically active components for health promotion are called what?

Nutraceuticals

Which wheat protein responsible for celiac disease?

Gliadin

What slaughter type performed according to prescribed rabbinical procedures, under supervision of authorized representatives of jewish faith?

kosher

The Ames test is used to identify which organism? a. E. coli b. Staph aureus c. Salmonella __? d. Salmonella typhimurium

D. Salmonella typhimurium

How many water molcules can one water molecule bind to?

Name the main 8 cereal grains in the US?

Oats, corn, wheat, rice, barley, rye, sorghum, buckwheat

How does food irradiation kill pathogens?

Genetic material is disrupted

What was the round copper container first used to deliver pizza in Naples in 1800s?

Stufa

The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?

the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time

What is Allose?

D-Allose is a rare monosaccharide, which rarely appears in the natural environment. D-Allose has an 80% sweetness relative to table sugar but is ultra-low calorie and non-toxic and is thus an ideal candidate to take the place of table sugar in food products.

A 6D process reduces the population of the target organism by what percent?

99.9999%

True or False: "Patent Flour" is lighter in color and lower in ash than "straight flour" and is made from purified endosperm middlings

True

The quantity of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing the temperature or pressure is called what?

latent heat

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

the total energy of a system and its surroundings must remain constant, although it may be changed from one form to another.

What are the 3 effects of high temperature on whey protein?

denaturation, coagulation, cooked flavor

What substance is used in meat curing to counteract the harsh flavor of salt?

dextrose

In September 2020, dried woodear mushroom were recalled because of which Salmonella serovar?

Salmonella stanley

What is the name for the chord that anchor that enter egg yolk?

In a fresh egg, you can see two white cords attached to the yolk. These two cords, called chalazae, are made of twisted strands of mucin fibre, a special form of protein. The role of the chalazae are to anchor the yolk in the centre of the egg.

Which two US states are the leading producers of cranberries, totalling roughly 75% of the US production and making it the top producer of cranberries globally?

Wisconsin and Massachusetts

In which dairy products is acetaldehyde a problem or defect?

Yogurt

When the double bonds of carotenoids change from trans to cis forms, what happens to the carotenoid color?

trans is orange/red and cis is lemon yellow

Define "indirect" additive

substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food.

What is the highest designation of wine quality in Italy?

DOCG

What is one of the oldest federal agencies whose primary function is consumer protection?

CFSAN, center for food safety and applied nutrition

What compound is generally used as the standard for sweetness in sensory evaluation?

Sucrose or a sucrose solution.

What continent does Macadamian nuts originate?

Australia

What are the described flavors of the following 6 compounds? Diacetyl, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl hexanoate, propionic acid, 1-octen-3-ol

Diacetyl – butter, acetic acid, vinegar, acetaldehyde – nutty or apple, ethyl hexanoate – fruity, 1-octen-3-ol – mushroom

Name two cellular function of iron in microbes.

Required for enzymatic functions, protein absorption

What happens to French fries that are made from potatoes stored in the refrigerator?

they will brown unevenly due to sugar content

What are some disadvantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?

only can use at a constant retort process temperature, the cooling portion modeling is empirical and may over/under estimate lethality

To what temperature should chicken be cooked?

165 deg F

What added ingredient keeps confectioners sugar from clumping?

corn starch

Which grain is related closely to rhubarb?

buckwheat

Unfermented beer is called:

wort

Food packaging may include a claim supported with some scientific study but does not meet a standard scientific study. What is it called?

Qualified health claim

What are the leading three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Florida

Name five of the 17 categories of college level questions and we are requiring exact wording.

Cullinology and baking, food chemistry, Alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages, food safety toxicology and microbiology, biotechnology. Carbohydrates, cereal and grain products, dairy products, food analysis and quality assurance, food history and trivia, food laws and regulations, food packaging, food processing and engineering. Fruit, and vegetable products IFT knowledge, meat, fish, poultry and egg products. Nutrition and then sensory and Consumer Science.

Name 4 types of modified packaging.

modified atmosphere packaging, controlled atmosphere storage, nitrogen flush packaging, vacuum packaging

Give 2 ways to calculate water activity.

vapor pressure of the food/vapor pressure of H2O Moles H2O + moles of substrate/moles of H2O

Name the plastics associated with the 7 recycling numbers.

1: PET 2. HDPE 3. PVC 4. LDPE 5. PP 6. PS 7. Other

How do the roles of consumers and trained, expert panels differ in sensory testing?

consumers tell you if a food is acceptable or not and trained panels identify and describe the product attributes.

What is the graph of water activity vs. water content called?

moisture sorption isotherm (MSI)

JAR in sensory stands for?

Just about right

Name 5 spices that have antimicrobial activity.

garlic, cinnamon, cloves, onion, horseradish, and mustard

What is the difference between a "dextrin" and a "dextran"?

Both are intermediate length carbohydrate chains composed of glucose units. Dextrins are formed by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch; dextrans are synthesized by microorganisms

What is freeze drying?

Process of removing water from a product by sublimation and desorption.

What is the quantitative analysis for the oxidation of reducing sugars by Cu+ ions under alkaline condition?

Benedict's test

What company produces SPAM and Cure81 Hams?

Hormel Foods

What toxin causes acute liver damage?

Aflatoxin

According for the US standard of identity for butter and margarine, what is the minimum fat %?

0.8

How much (%) water is there in muscle?

66-71%

Cosmopolitan cocktail; made with vodka, triple sec, lime juice/lime, cranberry juice

Name three bacteria commonly associated with food poisoning. (Does not need to be full scientific name.)

Salmonella, Norovirus, Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Clostridium perfringens

What is triple sec?

Orange-flavored liqueur, originated in France, 20-40%

What is the name of the fruit that is described as a seeded apple?

pomegranate

Name the three main ingredients of a “turducken”.

Turkey, Duck, Chicken

For retail food display lights, what scale is used for the color temperature?

1000K-10,000K

What is the term for inverting a bottle of champagne to move sediment from the bottle to the neck?

riddling

Bromelain for pineapple, ficin from figs or papain from papaya may be added to meat to serve as what type of agent?

Tenderizers

Please list the following from least alcohol to highest alcohol by percentage. Cider, vodka, beer, port, Shochu

beer, cider (cider or beer may be swapped), port, Shochu, vodka

Name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins.

A, D, E, and K

What is the largest national trade association representing the meat packing and processing industry and has the initials NAMI?

North American Meat Institute

What type of carotenoid predominates in wheat flour?

xanthophyll and its esters (no vit. A activity)

What does HTST stand for?

High temperature short time

The theoretical expression describing the force which must be applied before a substance will flow freely is called ...

yield stress

What does each of the following IFT awards recognize? Nicolas Appert, William Cruess, Samuel Prescott

Nicolas Appert – preeminence and contributions to food technology, William Cruess – excellence in teaching, Samuel Prescott – outstanding ability in research

What is the following phobia, arachibutyrophobia?

fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth

A characteristic of an "emetic" form is that it causes nausea but not ...

diarrhea

Why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperature?

L. m. is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures

What are the four core sciences of IFT?

Food Chemistry, Food Engineering, Food Microbiology, Sensory Science

What two amino acids have the highest pKa?

arginine and asparagine

What is the term for lightly frying food and then stewing it slowly in a closed container?

Braising

What is the common name of the bones that resemble the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae ?

feather bones

Name drupe fruits examples.

Apricots, olives, mangoes, peaches, plums, cherries, amla (Indian gooseberry)

The two twisted rope-like cords in eggs that serve to keep the yolk in the center are:

Chalazae

In a single serving of 100g of food containing 23 grams of fat and 400 total calories, what percent of the calories come from fat?

51.75

Typical caloric value of gram of caramel color.

4 Cal

Your oatmeal may taste soapy due to the oats having a high content of what?

Lipids

Please assign the following animals as either hindgut or foregut fermenters; rabbit, human, pig, horse, humans, goat, ostrich

hind-gut – rabbit, horse, ostrich, human, pig, foregut – cow, goat

What is the vitamin most associated with antioxidant activity in PUFAs?

vitamin E

The first FDA approved use of recycled plastic in food packaging was a program to use 25% recycled plastics in bottles that contained what product?

Coca cola

Name 2 carotenoid pigments.

beta carotene, xanthophylls

According to his facebook page, what is Mr. Peanut's astrological sign?

Virgo

What is the most shopliftedfood product in the world?

cheese

What enzyme activity is most commonly used to determine the adequacy of blanching vegetables for freezing to ensure stability during storage?

peroxidase

What is another name for the Carnauba wax?

Brazil wax, palm wax, "queen of waxes"

What fruit has the highest fat content?

Avocado

What is the F Value in microbial death kinetics?

Lethality - the time in minutes required to bring about a required log reduction in target microbial population at a defined temperature.

A strawberry processor makes a "4+1" product. What do that "4" and "1" stand for?

4 parts strawberries, 1 part refined sugar

What is the average lifespan of a taste bud?

7 days

What percentage of apples is air?

0.25

What is the defect in ice cream that is caused by the formation of lactose crystals?

Sandiness

What color is observed when red, green, and blue pigments are mixed in equal amounts?

white

Who was the first individual to win Samuel C Prescott award from IFT?

Edgar Allen Day

How is orange juice defined by the US code of federal regulations?

unfermented juice obtained from mature oranges of the species Citrus sinensis or of the citrus hybrid commonly called Ambersweet

What is the term associated with the oxidation of unsaturated oils?

Rancidity

What are the 2 distinct syndromes of B. cereus gastroenteritis?

vomiting (emetic) type, diarrhea type

What is the SI unit for pressure?

Pascal

What vitamin is a necessary cofactor for transamination reactions?

pyridoxine (vitamine b6)

What is the scientific name of the honeybee?

Apis mellifera

Which federal agency has jurisdiction for regulating alcoholic beverages?

Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

Preferred by one in five Americans, which is the most popular flavor of pie in the US? A. Apple B. Cherry C. Pumpkin D. Chicken

A. Apple

The D value of green peas is 0.2 minutes. What is the F value at 250 Fahrenheit?

12D so 2.4 minutes

The process in which sugar is added to adjust grape juice before alcoholic fermentation.

chaptalization

What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?

116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min

What would you do to change a temperature reading from Farenheit to degree Rankine?

add 459.67

What is the enzyme responsible for browning apples and lettuce?

Polyphenol oxidase

Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?

they are n-6 and n-3 fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in vivo

What is the flavor that is created from the two chemicals of S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide ?

Onions

What are pink-hued wines, sometimes called white zinfandel in the US, commonly known as?

Rose

How many ribs are in a beef forequarter?

What is the number of combinations that can be used in a triangle test?

What does the Ninhydrin assay measure?

amino acids

Name 3 types of conventional heating.

conduction, convection, and radiation

What are the 8 pieces of information required on a meat label?

1. Product or cut name, 2. Inspection legend and establishment number, 3. Handling statement, 4. Net weight, 5 address or signature line, 6. Safe handling instructions, 7 ingredients statement, 8. Nutrient facts

If 2 M NaOH solution contains 80 g of NaOH, how much NaOH does a 1 M solution contain?

40 g

What does OFG stand for in a popular food science blog?

Official Food Geek

What is the main acid in lemon juice?

Citric acid

What is the retinol equivalent?

a unit used for quantifying the vitamin A value of sources of vitamin A, includingboth preformed retinoids in animal foods and precursor carotenoids in plantfoods. RE is defined as 3.3 International Units of vitamin A. 1 retinol equivalent = 6 μg β-carotene or 1 μg retinol.

Explain what is meant by aseptic processing.

The food and container are sterilized separately and are filled in a sterile environment

How many taste buds does the average adult have?

2000-4000

What is glucono delta lactone?

GdL (glucono-delta-lactone) is a widely used acidulant in meat products, especially for dry cured sausages. It is used when a slow release of acid is required. In the presence of water it reverts to gluconic acid. The lowering of the pH inhibits growth of bacteria and accelerates the drying

What are sweetbreads?

(1) stomach sweetbreads (also known as heart or belly sweetbreads), which are an animal’s pancreas. (2) neck (throat or gullet) sweetbreads, an animal’s thymus gland.

A plot of 1/Vmax plotted against 1/ substrate concentration is called what?

lineweaver burk plot

The protein that is about 58% of all egg white protein is called _____

ovalbumin

Under what conditions is the formation of lysinoalanine favored in foods?

alkaline treatment of proteins

Name of the food derived from dried maize that has undergone nixtamalization)

Cornmeal that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour),

What is FAD?

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Quality assurance employees in beef packing plants routinely perform AQL tests. What does the acronym AQL represent?

Acceptable quality limits

What dessert was invented by Franz Sacher in 1832?

the sachertorte

When drying/storing sesame seeds what is the maximum percent moisture allowed?

What is the simplest and cheapest method for food drying?

Sun drying

What are the holes in Swiss cheese caused by and what are they called?

Carbon dioxide and they are called eyes.

What is the monetary prize of the food disruption challenge pitch for the selected pitch as well as the people’s choice award?

$25 K for winner, $5 K for people’s choice

In sucralose, some hydroxyl groups are replaced with which element?

Chlorine

What is carboxy-methyl cellulose often used for in foods?

Thickener

The ability of an organism to survive thermal processing is termed what?

Heat resistance

What is the name of viscous liquid in which legumes have been washed?

Aquafaba/fava

Name the genera of Downy mildew disease and fruits and vegetables.

Sclerospora and Bremia

What preserving process loses the most vitamins and minerals?

Canning

Which pigment in tomatoes has disease-preventing characteristics?

lycopene

What is the name of the robotic tool for assessing Beer sensory attributes?

RoboBeer

What is the name given to a mixture of flour and water that are used for manufacture of extruded pasta products ?

Alimentary pastes (do not accept batters)

Rank these sweeteners from highest to lowest sweetening power. Sucrose maltose, aspartame, sucralose, stevioside.

Sucralose, Stevioside, Aspartame, Sucrose, Maltose

What is the difference between hard and soft wheat?

hard has a higher protein content (12-15%) and soft has a lower protein content (7-10%).

What does the acronym NPN stand for?

Non-protein nitrogen

Which lactic acid producing bacteria found in sourdough bread takes its name from a California city?

Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis

Name 4 scales used to measure specific gravity in beverages.

Plato, Baume, Balling, and Brix.

This particular wine is known as toddi/tadi in India, Malafu in Africa, Tuba in Mexico, and Tuak in Indonesia. Name the wine or what it is made from.

Palm wine (wine made from any palm trees such as coconut palm)

What are three symptoms of vit A toxicity?

Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, joint or bone pain, loss of appetite, blurred vision, liver damage

What causes the yellow – green pigment of skim milk and whey?

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

At Ramen shop, you may find this red colored spice blend shichimi togarashi on your table which roughly translates to seven flavor chili pepper give seven of the typical ingredients

Red chili pepper, Sansho which is a Japanese pepper, black sesame seeds, poppy seeds, Nori, ginger, chickpea or orange peel. Hemp seeds, Chinese basil or white sesame seeds.

Name the acid coagulated cheese.

Quark

How much calorie reduction is needed for a food to be considered reduced calorie food?

1/3 calorie reduction

When was the Federal Meat Inspection Act passed?

1906

What color is observed when red, green, and blue pigments are mixed in equal amounts?

White

Why are the seven principle cereal grains?

Rice, corn, wheat, barley, sorghum, rye and oats

What compound is commonly used to color cheese?

Annatto extract

What fruit has extremely high levels of vitamin A?

Mango

Which agency is responsible for carrying out the Title III of the Bioterrorism Act?

FDA

Classify each emulsion types: margarine, mayonnaise, milk

Margarine: water in oil; mayonnaise and milk: oil in water

Name 3 factors that affect enzyme catalyzed reactions.

ph, temp, [substrate], [enzyme], ionic strength, activators, inhibitors

What is the usual protein content range of cereal grains?

8-13%

In Canada, what is the minimum protein rating as a source of protein?

beta-d-galactosidase is added to dairy products for what three reasons?

Hydrolyzes lactose to galactose and glucose- latter combination is sweeter than lactose; prevents sandiness defect in ice cream; makes products consumable for lactose intolerant individuals

Name three synthetic antioxidants commonly used in foodstuff.

BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), TBHQ (dl – t – butylhydroquinone)

What nut is in honey nut cheerios?

Almonds

Minimum Protein Rating in Canada

20%

Who was the first president of IFT?

Samuel C Prescott

Give three reasons for adding starch to food.

coating and glazing agent, thickening agent, colloidal stabilizer, moisture retention, gel forming, binding

Why would it be beneficial to modify the atmosphere of a package that contains a food with polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitrogen?

Reduce oxidative rancidity/ Reduce lipid oxidation

BHA, BHT, and propyl gallate can be classified as what?

Antioxidants

The chlorophyll reaction in food processing whereby the magnesium is lost by replacement with hydrogen results in the formation of what pigment and what is the color?

Pheophytin – dull olive – brown

Name the government organizations responsible for regulating seafood.

FDA, EPA, CDC

What is the name of a flexible container made from polyolefin laminated to aluminum foil of 0.00035 to 0.00050 inch thickness?

retort pouch or retortable pouch

In what year was the first Nicolas Appert award awarded?

1942

When referring to color, what does BCU stand for?

Baking contrast units

What are the two major whey proteins in milk and what percentage of total milk protein do they make up together?

Beta-lactoglobulin & alpha-lactalbumin, they make up 20% of milk protein

Name 4 colorants that are exempt from FDA certification.

Annato extract, zinc oxide, caramel, paprika, riboflavin, titatnium dioxide, turmeric, carmine

Blue Tanner and Dungeness are types of what meat products?

Crab

Name two methods for irradiation of foods.

Cobalt 60, x-rays, or E-beam

What is sodium silicoaluminate used for?

An anticaking agent

What is commercial sterilization?

destroys both vegetative cells and spores of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that would be capable of growing in the product under normal storage conditions

How much water is typically in butter?

20%

In ice cream what components or additives reduce ice crystal formation?

fat, corn syrup or protein

What are the large fat particles that coalesce at the ends of sausages during heating?

Fat caps

List the 6 typical stages for making cheese.

Acidification Coagulation Curd cutting Add salt Molding/forming aging

What is the web address for IFT?

www.ift.org

What are the main stages of canning?

heating phase (removal of air, come-up time, holding time at processing temperature), cooling phase

This recently approved (1996) non-caloric fat substitute is a mixture of hexa, hepta, and octa esters formed from the reaction of sucrose with long chain fatty acids

Olestra

In cheese making, the "cheddar" process involves: A) adding lactic acid to milk B) adding rennet C) turning and piling the curds D) chopping the curds and adding salt

C) turning and piling the curds

What US federal agency is responsible for the safety of drinking water?

EPA

Given an example of a product that requires asceptic processing.

Liquid eggs, milk, milk products, long term products that need to be sterile

Mouthfeel of fat is most influenced by

solid fat content

What is the scientific name of the most tender muscle in a beef carcass?

Psoas Major

In Microwave processing, what is penetration depth?

The penetration depth is used to denote the depth at which the power density has decreased to 37 % of its initial value at the surface.

Which additive banned in Europe in 2020?

TiO2

Why were hops originally used in beer?

they are a natural preservative

What is the product of a reverse transcriptase?

cDNA

At what frequency are microwaves typically at?

300 MHz to 300 GHz

An ear of corn has on average 16 rows of corn kernels. How many kernels are in each row?

50 +- 1

What does TBA stand for in food analysis?

Thiobarbaturic acid

What are the names of the three gnomes tha represent Kellog's Rice Krispy Cereal?

Snap, Crackle, and Pop

What is the incubation period for Listeria monocytes?

3-70 days

What is the most prevalent mineral in egg shell?

calcium

What chemical compound is determined as an indicator of maillard browning?

hydroxymethylfurfural

What is the food dye carmine made from?

Insects

In cake recipes at atm pressure, name 4 changes at high altitude to prevent problems:

1. decreasing liquids; 2. More eggs; 3. Less baking powder; 4. Decreasing fat

Two other government agencies along with the FDA which have responsibility for ensuring the safety of imported foods are ______ and _______

USDA and U.S. Customs

What is measured on the basis of the dipole moment of a single molecule?

dielectric constant

Name the three major classifications of vegetables.

1. Seeds and pods, 2. Bulbs, roots and tubers, 3. Flowers, buds, stems and leaves

What is the botanical term for certain plants belonging to the mustard family, such as broccoli and cauliflower, so-called because of the cross-like leaf markings?

Cruciferous

What is the thermal conductivity of ice?

2.22 - 2.35 W/m K (4 times more than water)

BHA and BHT are common antioxidants. What do these acronyms stand for and how much of these are allowed by law to be used in foods?

BHA – butylated hydroxyl toluene, BHT = butylated hydroxyl anisole 0.01% of fat content individually or 0.02% of the fat content of the food (when 2 or more are used together)

What has more saturated fat: lard, coconut oil or corn oil?

coconut oil then lard then corn oil (when compared to the same weight (not by serving size)

What 3 foods contain a high availability of Silicon?

meat, milk, and beer

What is the function of erythromycin?

antibiotic

The primary yeast used in baking is what?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage?

70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)

MC: A monosaccharide is defined as: a. polyalcohol b. polyether c. acid d. all of the above

a. polyalcohol

Define wheat middlings.

Wheat middlings (also known as millfeed, wheat mill run, or wheat midds) are the product of the wheat milling process that is not flour.

Why are PVPP, gelatin added to beverages?

Clarification

Botulinum toxin type H is the deadliest substance in the world, but type A is used for what commercial application?

Botox

As of 2016, what is the state vegetable of Vermont?

Gilfeather turnip

In the US, a food additive derived by biotechnology, a- must be declared and identified as such in the ingredient statement, b - are subject to the same regulatory approval process as other food additives, c - must be declared and identified as such in the principal display panel, d - all of the above

In the SI system what are the units that are applied to the following five dimensions or measurements; length, mass, time, electric current, thermodyanamic temperature?

length = meter Mass = kilogram Time = second Electric current = ampere Thermodynamic temp = degree kelvin

If a food label states it is a rich source of calcium, what does that mean?

20% or more of the daily value

What organization publishes standards for the design and manufacture of milk processing equipment?

3-A Sanitary Standards, Inc.

What is the process of cell–cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly?

quorum sensing

In separations such as distillation, what is the name of the plot used by engineers to describe the physical state at each step?

McCabe-Thiele plot

What is the nutritional claim made on a regular bottle of Coca-Cola?

very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240 mL (8 fl oz)

What is the difference between dried food and dehydrated food?

dehydrated food as no more than 2.5% water on a dry basis and dried food can be more than 2.5%

In dairy processing, what do the initials CIP stand for?

Clean in place

Marasmus is a type of PEM disease. What does PEM stand for?

Protein Energy Malnutrition

What term refers to the physical location of a gene on a strand of DNA?

Locus, plural is loci.

What is 1 way to measure sorption isotherms?

gravimetric, manometric

What is the term for electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter?

thermal radiation

Another name for triacylglycerol is?

Triglycerides

What are the two types of certified food colorants?

lakes (water and oil soluble) and dyes (water soluble)

Beef is 50% protein, what insect is higher in protein than beef?

Crickets (65%)

What are the names of the two journals published by IFT?

Food Technology and Journal of Food Science

What year was the federal meat grading service established?

1927

What is a high quality fat lining the abdominal wall of pork carcasses?

leaf fat

Please put the following steps in order as they would be used for processing? Grinding, cleaning, Cocoa separation, shell removal, conching, roasting, addition of other material, tempering

Cleaning, roasting, shell removal, grinding nibs, cocoa separation, addition of other material, Conching, tempering

Name the sugar source for following drinks: rum, tequila, sake, bourbon, mead

Rum: molasses, mead: honey, bourbon: corn, tequila: agave, sake: rice

Name 2 conditions under which yeasts and molds will out compete most bacteria

1) low Aw (0.6-0.7) 2) 2 > pH > 9

Primary product of fat oxidation?

Acetyl CoA

Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value - linoleic, oleic, or ricinoleic acid?

linoleic acid

Name 5 climatric fruits.

Banana, Kiwi, tomato, pear, apples, guava, passion fruit, peach, plum

On average how many eggs do wild chickens lay each year?

What are two types of processes that involve the removal of thermal energy and at what temperatures are these two processes?

refrigeration (40 F or 4.4 C) and freezing 0 F or -17.8 C)

Name one chemical compound that is used to sanitize food processing equipment.

NaOCL and quats

What are soluble polymers of anhydro-galacturonic acid and its esters called?

Pectin

What are the 4 steps to cultured meat manufacture?

1. Cells from a farm animal are proliferated in nutrient-rich media; 2. Cells are attached to a sponge-like scaffold and soaked with nutrients; 3. cells may be mechanically stretched to increase their size and protein content; 4. Cells are harvested, seasoned, and cooked

Which food processes is acetaldehyde found in?

Foods that involve yeast fermentation, it is a metabolic byproduct from the yeast.

Name 5 divisions of IFT.

Dairy Foods, Food Engineering, Food Packaging, International, Food Chemistry, Carbohydrates, Foodservice, Biotechnology, etc.

What is the chemical nomenclature for caffeine?

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine

The marionberry is a cross between which two blackberry varieties?

Chehalem and Olallie

What is the definition of calorie?

The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.

HDPE is a good barrier to what?

moisture barrier

Name 5 dietery fibres.

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, guar gum

What are the 3 forms of water in food?

free water, adsorbed water (loosely bound), and water of hydration (tightly bound)

What is the most widely eaten fish in the world?

Herring

When the coordination number decreases during the transition from water to ice, what happens to the density?

density decreases

What 4 seeds are considered to be the richest iron source with 1.3-4.3 mg per 2 tablespoons?

Pumpkin seeds, sesame, flax and hemp

What is the difference between direct and indirect ELISA?

-direct ELISA- only one antibody used, indirect ELISA-2 antibodies used for detection

What are some advantages of using the formula (ball) method to calculate lethality?

allows use of semi-log curves for detailed analysis of time/temp data, can calculated processes of a rang of IT and RT utilizing heating factors, conservative process model

Who had the 1st patent on the metal can?

Peter Durand of England

What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?

glucosinolates

Why store olive oil in dark?

to prevent from photooxidation

What technology is commonly used to decrease heat ring and cold shortening of beef?

Electrical Stimulation

Give an example of a climacteric fruit and a non climacteric fruit.

Refrigeration system, vacuum system, control system, product chamber, condenser

According to CODEX Al, extra virgin olive oil difference?

Oleic acid content

Name, a non digestible food ingredient that may affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of one or limited number of beneficial bacteria in the colon.

Prebiotics

What is a dextran?

glucose polymer joined by alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond

Which cows produce milk with higher fat content: Holsteins or Jerseys?

Jerseys

Why is beer frequently used for deep fried foods?

the protein in beer helps with browning

What is the name of compounds that can act as either an acid or a base?

Amphoteric

What is the graph of water activity vs. water content called?

moisture sorption isotherm (MSI)

What part of pig is Boston butt?

Shoulder

What are the 4 ingredients used to make candy corn?

Sugar, corn syrup, wax, and water

What are any of the conducting cells of the nervous system called?

Neurons

What is the common name for sodium chloride?

Salt

Name the compound responsible for the characteristic buttery flavor of fermented dairy foods.

Diacetyl

What is the name of a polypeptide antibiotic produced by some streptococcus lactis strains?

Nisin

What is the enzyme responsible for browning in lettuce?

Polyphenol oxidase

What does the acronym IFIS stand for?

International food information service

A chicken is labelled as fresh chicken if it has not been stored under what temperature?

27 F or 3.3 C

Small electronic device on packaging to track package data?

RFID

Common names of following fatty acids:

4: Butyric, 8: Caprylic, 12: Lauric, 16: Palmitic, 20: Arachadic

What year was Food Technology established?

1947

What amino acid is most responsible for off-flavor development in milk?

Methionine

Name genus and species of most common mango fruit.

Mangifera indica

For water, the effect of increasing coordination number is most noticeable at what temperature range?

0-4 degrees celsius

What is the z value of Clostridium botulinum?

10 C or 18 F

Which brand tells you 'You're not you when you're hungry'?

Snickers

Give the name and type of food borne illness where the pathogens are consumed, take up residence in the intestinal walls and produce a toxin inside the body, and give an example

food toxicoinfection.. E. coli O157: H7

Name 4 applications for Infrared in food processing.

drying, heating, frying, roasting, baking, thawing, surface pasteurization

Name 2 glycosidic linkages in mixed-linked glucans in oats and barley.

B-1-3 and B-1-4

In reference to Aflatoxin B1, what does the B designate?

blue fluorescence

Name 8 types of lettuce used commonly in salads.

Romaine, arugula, Batavia (French crisp or summer crisp), endive, butter lettuce, little gem lettuce, Mache (lambs lettuce), mescalin, mizuna, oak leaf lettuce, purslane, iceberg, radicchio, watercress

What is the name of the yeast considered spoilage in beers unless in lambic beer? A. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae B. Saccharomyces Carlsbergenus C. Britanamyces D. Candida albicans

C. Britanamyces

The Columbian exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, culture, technology, etc between the Americas and the Old World. Name 3 foods that originated in the Old World and transferred to the Americas, and 3 foods originating in the Americas and transferred to the Old World.

Old world to America Pigs, horses, cattle, chickens, honeybees, grains, bananas, sugarcane, olives, citrus fruit, coffee beans, peaches, pears, apples, carrots, grapes, cabbage, lettuce, onions, soybeans Americas to the Old World Potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, cassava, tomatoes, pineapples, avocados, beans, peanuts, cashews, cacao, vanilla, chili peppers, tobacco, turkeys, sunflowers

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]

Which food product from Africa won the 2016 World Food Prize?

The orange-fleshed sweet potato

List 4 varieties of sour cherries.

Montmorercy, Morello, amarelle, early Richmond, meteor, north star

In what year was the IFT student member classification established?

1949

The deficiency of which vitamins causes the following diseases: Scurvy, Beriberi, and Pellagra

Vitamin C, Thiamin, and Niacin

What enzyme catalyses the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol in fermentation?

alcohol dehydrogenase

Vodka is made by first fermenting a food. Name 4 foods that are typically fermented to make vodka.

sorghum, corn, rice, rye or wheat, potatoes, fruits (even just sugar is acceptable)

Which muscle protein must bind calcium for muscle contraction?

Troponin

What is the color of freshly slaughtered beef?

Deep purple

Shortening is defined as any ______ used in baked products.

fat or oil

What is the denominator of a t-test?

standard error of the mean

What is the embryonic development of muscle tissues?

myogenesis

Potassium permanganate is an oxidant and is used in many titrations. Name 3 types of titrations that utilize potassium permanganate as the titrant and indicator.

Iron (Fe2+) or mohr’s salts, oxalic acid (oxalate), hydrogen peroxide, Copper (II), tannins (other redox reactions)

What type of bond is cleaved by pullanase?

alpha-1, 6 glycosidic bond

Which part of a tree protects the seeds?

Fruit

Traditionally, Halumi cheese is made with what kind of milk?

Sheep's milk

Bacteria overgrowth on fish can result in the production of scombrotoxins. Name one food process that Scrombotoxins are resistant to.

smoking, cooking and canning

What organ stores bile for release?

Gallbladder

In enzymology, what is turnover number?

moles of substate converted to product by an enzyme molecule (activation site) in a given time period

Why do you add aluminum sulfate to pickles?

It can improve the crispness of the pickle (it's a firming agent)

What Congressional law provides that no food additive may be considered safe if it proves to cause cancer when ingested, at any level, by man or by animals?

The Delaney Clause

What term is used when there is a percent change in length of material before pulling?

Strain or elongation

Define defect action level.

the term used to describe the allowable tolerances of natural or unavoidable foreign material in foods which could be a health hazard to the public

How many calories do you consume every time you lick a stamp?

1/10th cal

Give three product or product category applications for lecithin as an additive?

The primary applications for lecithin are in baked products, dairy blends, baby foods, nutritional drinks, margarines, chocolates, chewing gums, and confectionaries

What is the state of muscle when permanent cross-bridges form and prevent sliding of filaments so that the the muscle becomes inextensible?

rigor mortis

Enzymatic browning is caused by the oxidation of what type of compounds? Name the enzyme.

polyphenols; Polyphenoloxidase/phenolase

In the enzyme Taq polymerase what does Taq stand for?

Thermus Aquaticus

Below what pH can Clostridium botulinum spores no longer germinate?

below pH 4.6

What is the minimal water activity for most molds?

0.75-0.80

Name 2 straight chain polyhydric alcohols used as food additives

sorbitol - modifying agent, humectant, flavor, and crystal modifier; mannitol - flavor modifier, inert base

What is the term for the parts of a label that is most likely to be displayed presented shown under customary conditions of display for retail sale?

Principle display panel

What is the major difference between all-purpose flour and cake flour

Protein content

Concerning cognac, what does VSOP stand for?

very superior old pale

What is the 12D process?

the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles

Durio zibethinus is a distinct smelling tree fruit that is native to South Asia. What is the common name for this fruit?

Durian

What are the 4 lean cuts in pork?

ham, loin, Boston butt, picnic shoulder

Which section of the gastrointestinal tract is the major area of adsorption of nutrients?

small intestine

Thinking, memory, and learning in the brain are closely linked to what levels in the body?

Glucose

At what pH can a food be called an acid food?

a pH less than 4.6

What are the major antioxidants found in Rosemary extract?

Rosmarinic acid, carnosol and carnosic acid

Name countries of origin: Baklava, Montecu, Sooyah, Baubate, Loco Loco

Baklava: Italy; Montecu: Honduras; sooyah: Nigeria; Baubate: South Africa; Loco loco: US

There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.

whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons

If you have a method that you want to use to measure the % fat in a product and it is not AOAC approved, how would you determine if it is accurate?

take known fat percentages and run them with the method to perform a standard curve so that you can determine the linear range of your method and assure its accuracy.

What are the 2 main starting products of the Maillard reaction?

reducing sugars, free amino acids

What national IFT award recognizes excellence in university teaching?

william v. cruess award

What is a bacteriophage?

A virus that infects bacteria.

What does the hunter color scale measure?

chroma, hue and value

Name three methods of microencapsulation technology.

Spray drying, spray cooling, emulsification, extrusion, simple coacervation, complex coacervation, internal/ external gelation, fluidized bed coating, etc.

Name the two major meat proteins that are salt soluble.

myosin and actin

With regard to wines, what does the abbreviation AOC mean?

AOC – Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée The French term for a wine’s place of origin. It also refers to the complex rules regarding viticulture and vinification that vary from place to place.

What culture was the first to make a marshmallow-based candy?

Egyptians

What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese?

Eyes

What is the water activity to cause spoilage for bacteria, yeast, and molds?

Bacteria - 0.9, Yeast - 0.85-0.9, Mold 0.75-0.8

What is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi and can cause unnatural or "deleterious biological changes in plants, animals, humans, or microorganisms?

mycotoxin

Which 2 vitamins are required for cell division?

folacin (folic acid) and B12 (cobalamin)

10 pound of cheese corresponds to how much whey?

90 pounds of whey

Name the four categories the plant pigments are classified in.

Carotenoids, anthocyanins, Betalains, chlorophylls

The process of vacuum sealing raw or fresh food items in a plastic pouch and partially or completely cooking the food in low temperature water is called?

Sous Vide

What are the bonds in mixed glucans?

β-1->3 and β-1->4

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur

Which fruit was called the "pommes d'amour," or love apple, during 18th century France?

The tomato

Name five polar amino acids.

serine, threonine, cysteine tyrosine, asparagine and glutamine.

What is the difference between a foam and an aerosol dispersion system?

foam – inner phase is gaseous, outer phase is liquid Aerosol – inner phase is liquid or solid, outer phase is gaseous.

This particular wine is known as toddi/tadi in India, Malafu in Africa, Tuba in Mexico, and Tuak in Indonesia. Name the wine or what it is made from.

Palm wine (wine made from any palm trees such as coconut palm)

What is deglutition?

the act or process of swallowing food

What pigment reaction causes the greenish sheen during spoilage of cured meat products?

Myoglobin or oxymyoglobin are subjected to reducing reactions from bacteria, acerbate or other reducing agents.

Which regulatory agency is responsible for bottled water and which agency for piped water?

FDA for bottled and EPA for piped water

What is the difference between additive and subtractive primaries?

additives all together produce white light, subtractives all together theoretically produce black light

Name the two primary fatty acids within coffee beans.

linoleic and palmitic acid

What does HPLC stand for?

High-performance (or high-pressure) liquid chromatography

Which descriptive sensory analysis technique uses consumers instead of trained judges?

free choice profiling

What does the acronym NADA stand for

new animal drug application

What is the unit of expansion of transmittance of spectrophotometry?

% T (percent Transmittence)

Which of the following is flavor enhancer?: MSG, citric acid, mono potassium glutamate

MSG

What are the two proteins believed to be involved in egg white thinning?

lysozyme and ovomucin

True or False: Canned foods are sterile.

False, they are commercially sterile

Arrange the following 4 cheese from highest to lowest protein content: cheddar, swiss, cottage, feta

cottage, feta, cheddar, swiss

What is the name of the toxin family responsible for the majority of seafood illnesses?

Phycotoxins

What vitamin naturally occurs only in animal materials such as meat, milk, eggs, and the like?

Vit A

What is the common name for potassium bitartrate and how was it originally sourced?

Cream of tartare, byproduct of wine making

What is the purpose of the heat penetration test in thermal processing?

to determine the temperature of slowest heating zone in a food container, and use the time/temperature data to calculate a thermal process that will render the product commercially sterile

What is the main component of the thick filaments in muscle cells?

Myosin

Percentage of chocolate in milk, sweet, bittersweet chocolate?

Sweet 3, Milk 10, bittersweet 35

What color is phenolphthalein under acidic conditions?

colorless

Phytic acid has what detrimental effect?

Chelates minerals

In University, TA is typically understood to mean teaching assistant. However, this initalism also refers to what type of spoilage in canned food?

Thermophilic, anaerobic spoilage

Solids are __ to thermal radiation.

opaque

Name 3 non-nutritive sweeteners approved for use in the USA?

Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame-K, stevia, sucralose, neotame

How would you determine which brand of pudding is preferred by customers?

sensory evaluation, preference tests

What are the prolamins in corn called?

Zein

State the packaging material to which the numbers 1 to 7 inside a recycling logo correspond to.

1: PET 2: HDPE 3: PVC 4: LDPE 5: PP 6: PS 7:Other

What is the leading state in # milk/cow?

California

What is term used when the difference threshold is What is determined by changing the variable stimulus by small amounts above and below the standard until the subject notices a difference

Just noticeable difference

What is "straight flour"

The total amount of flour milled from the wheat with all the flour streams combined. Straight flour corresponds to 100% of extraction or about 72% of the wheat

What is the name of the Fruit Loops mascot?

Toucan Sam

How does rennin act to destabilize the casein micelle?

it divides k-casein into para-k-casein and glycomacropeptide

What specific class of enzymes are responsivle for the disruption of fat-soluble membrane in raw milk?

Phospholipases

What is the compound in rhubarb, spinach and beets that result in kidney stone formation?

Calcium oxalate

G protein couple receptors detect what three tastes?

Bitter, sweet, umami

Tannins produce the dry feeling in your mouth after taking a sip of which of the following? Rum, beer, whiskey, red wine

Red wine

What is the water activity of dried fruits?

0.6-0.65

Name three leavening agents.

Baking soda, baking powder, whipped egg whites, steam, dry yeast

What may happen in the lower aesophagal sphincter if not closed tight enough after eating?

Acid reflux

The components of cow's milk that do not vary much with the age of the cow, diet, breed, and stage of lactation are which of the following? A) water and protein B) minerals and carbohydrate C) lipids and carotenoids

A) water and protein

Cholesterol may be a source of what vitamin?

Which one of the followin values would give you the most information about the melting properites and mouthfeel of fats? a. oil stability index b. solid fat index c. IV d. cloud point

solid fat content

What sausage is probably produced in the greatest amount in the world? In some regions, the green pistachio nut is a traditional ingredient

mortadella

Vitamin D increases the absorption ___________ and ____________ from the intestinal tract and is necessary for their efficient utilization.

Calcium and Phosphorous

What is used to pasteurize spices?

ethylene oxide or gamma radiation

What characteristic of fruit is described by the Brix to acid ratio?

Tartness or sweetness

On what binomial probability is the triangle test based

1/3rd or 33%

Name 2 non-thermal food processing technologies?

UV light, ultrasound, high pressure, pulsed light, pulsed electric field, irradiation

What property of a protein can be determined using SDS electrophoresis?

molecular weight

Protein coat of virus is called:

Pepsid

What is the Weston A. Price Foundation?

An organization that, among other things, promotes the consumption of animal fat, consumption of raw milk

What is the minimum weight of a gallon of ice cream?

4.5 pounds (2 kg)

What term describes the concentration of an aroma in a food divided by its threshold?

aroma value or odor activity value

Name two major types of seafood intoxication.

ciguatera poisoning, scombroid poisoning, and various shellfish poisonings. shellfish poisoning. The most well-known types are paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and amnesic shellfish poisoning Two major groups of marine phytoplankton, diatoms and dinoflagellates, produce HAB toxins

What is the fish most commonly used for making Surimi?

Alaskan Pollock

What is the only beverage more popular than tea?

Water

Enzymatic browning is a chemical process that occurs in fruits and vegetables and is due to what enzyme?

polyphenoloxidase

What are the 4 parameters for the processing of fluids flowing through a pipe?

Pipe diameter, viscosity, velocity, and density of fluids

A plant hormone that is sometimes called the "ripening hormone" is ...

ethylene

Who won the william cruess award?

Soo-Yeun Lee

What test would you use to measure oxidation in meat products?

Thiobarbituric acid analysis (TBA)

What are the four federal food standards?

standard for grade, standard of quality, stand and definition of identity, standard of fill of containtainers

When counting bacterial colonies, the acronym TNTC stands for what?

Too numerous to count

What is the main disadvantage of commercial sterilization of a food?

significant changes in nutritive and sensory characteristics

Why do foods freeze faster than they thaw?

Water layer insulates, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of ice>water

Name two components of the SNF portion of milk

lactose, casein, and whey

What law describes the theoretical spectral distribution for the emissive power of a black body?

Planck law

What causes the yellow-green pigment of skim milk and whey?

Riboflavin

List the following muscle units in order or size from largest to smallest. Myofilament, muscle fiber, sarcomere, myofibril, muscle bundle, muscle

Myoflilament, sarcomere, muscle fiber, myofibril, muscle bundle, muscle

Name the year that astronauts first ate food that had been successfully grown in space.

2015

Who was the first "celebrity chef", cooking on a show called "Chez Bon Viveur"?

Fanny Cradock

Give 3 factors that determine the stability of emulsions.

particle size, pH of phases, type of emulsifier, size of globules, viscosity, interfacial tension, temperature

IGTC stands for?

International global traceability center

In 1908 what new taste was discovered?

Umami

The food drug and cosmetic act contains guidelines requiring what foods to require lot coding?

Low acid canned foods, acidified foods, bottled drinking water, infant formula, bottled water

Name 5 indispensible amino acids.

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine (PVT TIM HLL)

Sauce Maltaise is prepared by adding orange zest and blood orange juice to which French mother sauce?

Hollandaise

What two grains make up crispix?

rice and corn

What does CFU stand for?

colony forming units

The mash obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce is called

miso

Name the basic components of a mechanical refrigeration system.

Compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve

Ergotism is thought to be the cause of which 17th century event?

the Salem witchcraft panic of 1692

Who comprises the executive committee of the IFTSA?

Elected Officers (Voting), Area Meeting Chairs, Competitions Chairs

What is a transformation in terms of biotechnology?

Genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).

What is the difference between rennet and rennin?

rennet - the commercial extract from cleaned, frozen, and dried 4th stomach of calves, kids, or lamb. Rennin - the actual enzyme (known as chymosin)

What enzyme inhibits calpains during the cooler aging process?

Calpastatin

Name 5 events conducted by IFTSA.

CB, Mars Product Developent Competition, DSDC, JFSE Food Science in Action Contest. UG Research Competition, etc.

What are the limiting amino acids in corn, potatoes, and green peas?

corn – lysine, potatoes – methionine, green peas - methionine

What is Coulomb's law?

The electrical force between two charges of magnitude Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum is; f = k(Q1*Q2)/r^2) where k= 1/(4*pi*epsilon naught)

Define endotoxin.

Endotoxin is a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic substance found in the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria

During typical food heating, what is the starting size of gap that microwaves cannot pass through?

0.122 m to 0.328 m

What foodborne parasite is found in cat litter?

Toxoplasma gondii

What is the main sugar found in milk?

Galactose

t/f an oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value.

False

The TBA method (thiobarbituric acid) is used to monitor oxidative rancidity. What does the method actually measure?

concentration of malonaldehyde

What is the probability of a duo-trio test?

50%

Kirsch is a brandy made of which fruit?

Cherries

Anions form hydration shells in water by what type of interaction?

ion-dipole

Which single bacteriocin is approved for food preservation in the US? Which product is it used in?

Nisin, for pasteurized cheese product.

Why is absorbance generally used in spectroscopy experiments instead of transmittance?

absorbance has a linear relationship with concentration based on Beer’s Law and transmittance does not.

A chlorophyll molecule reacting with hydrogen exhibits what shade of green?

Olive

What amino acid requires cats to be obligate carnivores? Cysteine, tryptophan, taurine, alanine

Taurine

What are the 3 main steps of the original Kjeldahl method for measuring protein content?

digestion, neutralization and distillation, titration

Ingles coming procedure is used for what assay?

Fiber Assay

What are the top 2 selling spices in the world?

Black pepper and mustard

What is the relationship between dielectric loss factor and penetration depth?

as dielectric loss factor increase, penetration depth decreases

How many times higher is the mobility of proton in ice over water?

100

What is the maximum amount of fat per RACC (reference amount customarily consumed) allowed in a product labeled "fat free"?

0.5 g

What meat processing procedure is used to obtain pork with high pH and high water holding capacity?

Hot-boning

When making fudge how do you decrease the formation of sugar crystals?

by beating it during cooling

What is the bitter component of grapefruit called?

naringen

What percentage of juice must a beverage contain to be included in FDA Juice HACCP Regulation?

100%

What method used for protein analysis aids the researcher in determining relative percentage of alpha helix and beta sheets in a single protein?

IR spectroscopy, circular dichroism, Xray crystallography

What is the name of the tool used to shred cheese?

Grater

Generally, what is the net rate of heat transfer of food?

rate of absorption- rate of emission

According to WHO Food and agriculture organization, most commonly consumed meat in world? Chicken, goat/sheep, beef, pork

Pork

Clostridium botulinum growth can be inhibited under what pH?

4.6

The safety of seafood is influenced by the presence of the biologically active amine, histamine. How is it formed?

it is formed in spoiling fish by decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine

What is a brine of salt, water, and sugar cure?

sweet pickle

Give the 7 steps of HACCP

1. perform hazard analysis, 2. decide on the critical control points, 3. set critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish a record keeping system

What are some two reasons for roasting cocoa beans for chocolate making?

Flavor development, separate outer husk from inner bean (makes cracking and winnowing much easier), virtually sterilizes cocoa been (prevent growth of bacteria/fungi/molds), even color and texture

What is the toluene distillation used for?

moisture content determination

What is another name for Vitamin E?

Tocopherol

Name 3 physical agents capable of denaturing proteins.

Heat, cold mechanical treatments, hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, interfaces

If you take 20 mL of a 0.1M NaOH salutation to titrate 40 mL of an HCL solution to the phenolphthalein end point. What is the molarity of the HCL solution?

0.05M HCL

In beer making when does dry hopping occur?

hops that are added after the wort has cooled.

What are the smallest and largest amino acids by MW?

glycine and tryptophan

What is the name of long chain plant waxes that are typically composed of odd carbon length?

n-alkanes of the epicuticular leaf wax

Three commercial uses of lactase

hydrolyzes lactose to glucose and galactose, prevent sandiness in ice cream, lactose intolerance

How long is the average lactation cycle of a cow?

The cycle is split into four phases, the early, mid and late lactation (each of about 120 days, or d) and the dry period (which should last as long as 65 d). In an ideal world, cows calve every 12 months

Country of origin: Edam, Cheddar, Mortadella

Edam: Netherlands, Chhedar: England; Mortadella: Italy

Food and Drug administration is responsible for the enforcement of food additives regulation in US. Which canadian agency is responsible for the same?

CFIA (Canadian food inspection agency)

What will a successful injunction action by the FDA do to your company?

The injuction is a civil judicial process that will stop or prevent violation of the law, by halting the flow of the product in insterstate commerce, and to correct the condition that caused the violation

What is the term used to describe storing refrigerated meat to improve tenderness?

Aging or dry aging

What compound is responsible for the distinct flavor of horseradish?

Sinigrin

What fat substitute was recently confirmed as GRAS when used in frozen desserts?

Simplesse

Michelin Stars ranking and their definitions

3>2>1. 1 star: high quality cooking, worth a stop! 2. excellent cooking, worth a detour 3. exceptional cuisine, worth a special journey

According to dietary guidelines in US, how much sodium should be consumed daily?

2300 mg

List three advantages of intermediate moisture foods.

refrigeration is not required, spoilage is slower, relatively cheap and energy efficient

Describe the pasteurization process.

product heated to desired temperature, product held at desired temperature for defined time (typically for 12D reduction), product cooling, and product handling/distribution under refrigeration

What is zoonosis?

transmittance of disease from vertebrates to humans

Which is not Protected cheeses by EU?: cheddar, feta, roquefortii, camamberti

Cheddar

Define “defect action level”.

the level of contamination that calls for seizing a product.

What is hydrogen swell?

when a canned high-acid food product attacks the metal lining of the can and releases hydrogen gas.

Glass is composed of what 3 materials?

Sand (SiO2), soda ash ( Na2CO3), and Limestone (CaCO3)

What is the maximum recommended storage temperature for eggs and dairy products?

40 deg F or 4 deg C

What is fuzzy logic in simple terms?

Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.

Which sarcoplasmic muscle protein is primarily responsible for meat color?

Myoglobin

Name one of the three amino acids that can not be cleaved by carboxylpeptidase A at the free carboxyl end.

lysine, arginine, proline

In which cities will IFT annual meeting event First be hosted for the following years: 2022 2023 2024 and 2025

Chicago for a while.

Define thermal death time.

the time it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature

Give the names of the fat soluble vitamin produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

Vitamin K, Biotin

Name the ingredients of pound cake.

flour, sugar, egg, butter

What flavor attribute does milk that has been UHT processed typically have?

cooked flavor

What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?

12-16 days

Who is the current IFTSA past-president and what school are they from?

Morgan Von Staden, Mississippi State University

% protein in nuts: chest nut, hazel nuts, peanuts, pecan, pistachios

Hazelnut (15g), chestnut (2), peanut (26), pecan (9), pistachio (20)

Which chemical bond has functional groups on opposite sides of the chain?

Trans-bond

What is the interior temperature of a block of dry ice?

-78.5°C

Messenger RNA is synthesized by what process?

Transcription

A deficiency in what vitamin can result in hypochromic, microcytic anemia?

pyridoxine

The irreversible interaction of actin and myosin that is caused by the depletion of ATP in postmortem muscle is:

Rigor mortis

Lack of proper handwashing is commonly associated with what?

Shigella

Difference between gelato and ice cream.

Gelato is the Italian word for ice cream. It starts out with a similar custard base as ice cream, but has a higher proportion of milk and a lower proportion of cream and eggs (or no eggs at all). It is churned at a much slower rate, incorporating less air and leaving the gelato denser than ice cream.

Okara is a by-product of what processing?

Soy

What does a correlation coefficient define?

a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables

What would be the internal temperature (degrees C) of a steak cooked to a medium degree of doneness?

60-63C

What year was the fair packaging and labeling act (FPLA) enacted and what does it require?

The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA or Act), enacted in 1967, directs the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration to issue regulations requiring that all "consumer commodities" be labeled to disclose net contents, identity of commodity, and name and place of business of the product's manufacturer, packer, or distributor.

What is the Japanese probiotic drink made from Lactobacillus casei Shirota?

Yakult

How to express in concentration, ppm equivalent as weight per volume?

mg/L or microg/ mL

Why do bubbles form in boiling and not evaporation?

because the vapor pressure can overcome the atmospheric pressure

Name 4 enzymes required to produce high fructose corn syrup.

alpha-amylase, glucoamylase, glucose isomerase, xylose isomerase

What is dehydroalanine? Which amino acids may form dehydroalanine? What is the significance of dehydroalanine in food?

dehydroalanine is a highly reactive product of the heating or alkaline treatment of protein; it arises via a post translational modification of serine or cysteine.; dehydroalanine may produce protein cross links from its reaction with other amino acids decreasing that protein's nutritive value

What is sushi traditionally wrapped in?

Seaweed

What is the relationship between temperature and penetration depth?

as temperature increases, penetration depth decreases

What is the culinary term used to describe splitting open a bird carcass and flattening it?

butterflying or spatchcooking

What are the four most utilized cereal grains in the world?

Wheat, rice, maize, barley & sorghum

What hydrocolloid is used primarily as a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?

Carrageenan

What types of fish/seafood are used in the following types of sushi?

sake-salmon maguro- bluefin tuna kani- crab uni- sea urchin

The process of placing an egg in front of a light source to reveal its physical condition is called ____________

Candling

Less starch granule damage occurs during milling of soft wheats because?

The softer wheats have a less compact starch–protein complex which results in less starch damage and lower water absorption.

In 1989, the pork industry began a national eradication program for what virus, which is nearing completion?

Pseudorabies

What is the Weissenberg effect?

the tendency of some viscoelastic fluids to climb up a rod that is rotating in them. (fluid flows in a right angle to the direction of shear stress)

Name 7 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as part of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990

Serving size or other common household unit of measure customarily used; the number of servings or other units per container; number of calories per serving; number of calories per serving derived from total fat; number of calories per serving derived from saturated fat, amount of total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, sugars, total protein, and dietary fiber per serving or other unit, and subject to conditions, vitamins minerals or other nutrients

What are the 2 most common statistical measures of dispersion for a sampled population?

Variance & standard deviation

Define absolute zero and provide the kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperatures for this point?

temperature at which particle motion stops (is minimal), 0 kelvin, -273.15 Celsius, -459.67 Fahrenheit.

The Cory cycle is the metabolic pathway that transports what compound from muscles to blood to liver?

Lactate

Mathematical model, d prime, in sensory descriptive determination test

Thrustonian model

What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?

Low sodium

A bacteria, yeast, fungi, or filamentous genetic material has been changed in nucleic aicd modification by FAO/WHO is termed what?

Genetically modified

What are the two principal sources of juiciness in meat, as detected by consumers?

water and intramuscular fat (marbling)

What milk protein is a cofactor for the synthesis of lactose?

alpha lactalbumin

Which genera contains bacteria that can fluoresce and contains members that commonly cause spoilage of fresh cut vegetables and meats?

Answer: Pseudomonas flurescens

Ruhemann's purple is formed by what reaction used in food analysis?

Reaction of Ninhydrin with amine group of amino acids.

How is cultured butter made?

The cream is treated with cultures (like yogurt), allowed to ferment and then churned into butter.

What is amelioration as used in winemaking?

adding of water to decrease the concentration of sugar, acid and other wine components

The fifth taste response, whose substance are often called flavor potentiators like MSG is called

Umami

Bacon is obtained from the belly of the pork. From which part of pork is Canadian bacon obtained?

Back/ loin of the pork

What food-borne parasite can be found in hogs eating uncooked food waste?

Trichinella Spiralis

Vitamin D enhances the absorption of what two minerals?

phosphorus and calcium

Name 3 enzymes that work on pectin.

Polygalacturonase, Pectin lyase, Pectin methyl easterase

Describe the winterization process for an oil.

Colling the oil Filtering the solids formed This filtering ensures that the long chained saturated fats do not crystallize at low temp

What is the general term applied to any ingredient added to improve or modify flavor in processed meat products?

seasoning

What polysaccharide from crustecean shells lowers cholesterol?

chitin

How hot should you cook a burger before eating it?

160 degree F

Conalbumin is a protein found in what?

Egg white

Between which two ribs is a lamb shoulder properly separated from a lamb rack?

The 4th and 5th ribs

What is the isoelectric point?

the pH where the sum of the charges (+ and -) is equal to zero for an amino acid/protein

How is a café latte made?

espresso shot in glass, add steamed milk then a layer of foamed milk

What temperature do leftover foods need to be reheated?

165°F

What is the function of glucagon?

release glucose from storage to raise blood sugar levels (glycogenolysis)

What organism is included in the fermented sausage starter culture?

Pediococcus cerivicea

Describe the process of forming an hermetic seal.

the can end and body are interlocked during two rolling actions, first action curls the edge of the can end up and under the flange of the can body, and the second action roll flattens and tightens the seam

Loganberry is a cross of what two berries?

raspberry and blackberry

For which food component are the following tests used? Sudan 3, Iodine, Benedicts

Sudan 3: triglycerides, Iodine: starch, Benedicts: reducing sugars

How many monomers are in stachycose?

4 – 2 galactose, glucose and fructose

What is the fundamental driving electrophoresis?

The speed of a molecule is proportional to the surrounding voltage gradient.

What is the area under a lethal rate curve defined as?

lethality

The temperature at which water condenses is called what?

Dew point

What is the name of the frog mascot for honey smacks?

Dig 'em

The 1979 trial of Dan White for the murders of San Fransisco city supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone became well known for a defense strategy in which consumption of a certain food product was stated as symptomatic of the defendant's underlying depression. The strategy is now known by the name of this product. Name the strategy/product.

The Twinkie defense

What are some critical factors in designing a thermal process?

type of food, target microorganism, location of cold spot, shelf life requirement

Glutelin oryzenin is found in what food?

Rice

What is a unit operation?

a basic step in operation

Three species of curcubita produce edible fruit. What are the general names for these edible fruits?

Squash, pumpkin, gourd

What is the purpose of thermal processing?

ensure food safety and extend the shelf life of food (by killing bacteria)

What are facultative anaerobes?

microorganisms that can grown and survive with or without oxygen

What is the most abundant cytoskeletal protein in muscle?

titin

What is the predominant component of the Gram (+) cell wall?

Peptidoglycan

What are the key differences between the FDA and the USDA?

FDA is smaller and covers safety and labeling of food, drugs, makeup and medical devices. USDA is larger and covers all aspects of food and food production.

What does the iodine value tell you about fat and what physical state is most likely for a lipid with a high iodine number at room temperature?

iodine value refers to the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in a lipid or the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of fat. A high iodine value is associated with an unsaturated fat, which is typically liquid at room temp.

Name the 2 major producers of orange juice concentrate.

florida and brazil

Name a commonly available food source of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.

Soybeans

listeria monocytogenes

most dangerous for pregnant women, not allowed in RTE products

What carbon to carbon number bonds are present, most commonly, in the straight and branched chains of starch?

straight: alpha 1-4, branch: alpha 1-6

Grapes are to raisins as plums are to what?

Prunes

What are the three categories of freezing equipment used in the food industry?

1-The air blast freezers / cold storage freezers 2-The cartoon freezers / box freezers 3-The spiral belt freezers 4-The fluidized bed freezer / IQF freezer (or tunnel freezers) 5-The immersion freezers / brine freezers 6-The plate freezers / block freezers 7-The contact belt freezers 8-The impingement freezers / flat product freezers 9-The cryogenic freezers

Name 2 approved bleaching agents used in flour production.

Cl2, NOCl, N2O4, benzyl peroxide, ClO2, NO2, lipogenase

What happens when a natural cheese is heated to a high temperature?

stringiness, toughness, and separation of fat

What is the country of origin for Kolsch, a type of beer?

Germany

The Mexican liquor Kahlua is primarily flavored with what?

Coffee

You are determining how much a consumer uses a specific product. This is generally considered what type of sensory test?

acceptance test (acceptance is used of usage and preference for liking)

Name the equation that relates electrochemical cell potential to redox states.

Nernst equation

How many different flavors of jelly beans exist?

What is the isoelectric point?

The pH where the sum of charges (+ and -) is equal to zero for an amino acid/protein

In sterilization and pasteurization, what is the purpose of the hold tube?

make sure the product has the correct residence time (aka the time necessary to sterilize/pasteurize at a certain temperature)

Falling number measures the activity of which enzyme in cereals?

amylase

What is the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin?

212 F, 100 C, 373 K

What government agency is responsible for the inspection and grading of fish and fishery products?

the national marine fisheries service of the department of commerce?

S-(1-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide is the chemical precursor to the major flavor compounds in what foodstuff?

onions or leeks

What does BATF stand for?

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

In which states are the following IFT sections located: Puget Sound; Magnolia; Nutmeg; Dogwood; Cactus

Washington and Alaska; Mississippi; Connecticut; North Carolina; Arizona

Lists the four steps, in proper sequence, for cleaning and sanitizing food equipment.

Rinse, clean, rinse, sanitize

What are the 3 primary colors?

Red, Blue, and Green

How many seconds should you wash your hands as stated by the CDC?

20 s in US, 15 s in Canada

This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.

Glycogen

What is the process of staling called?

Retrogradation

In 2008, what state ranked first in value of production of sweet corn, fresh market snap beans, fresh market tomatoes, and fresh market cucumbers?

Florida

Classifying baking powders containing the following ingredients as either fast acting or slow acting. Tartrates, orthophosphates, sodium acyl pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate.

Tartrates, orthophosphates: Fast acting sodium acyl pyrophosphate, sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate: slow acting

Kielbasa is a polish sausage made primarily of coarsely ground pork with some amount of beef blended in. What is the typical seasoning used in Kielbasa?

Garlic

S – (1- propenyl) – L – cysteine sulfoxide and thiopropanol – S oxide – are associated with the flavor of

Onions

Name the two researchers who developed the most widely used and accepted machine to measure meat tenderness.

Kenneth Warner (developed in 1920) and Lyman Bratzler (developed in 1932)

What is common chemical intermediate in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism?

Acetyl CoA

What fat soluble vitamin has a well-known role as an antioxidant?

Vitamin E

Name one major muscle found in a beef round.

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus

Two french brothers who originally produced tires financed what system?

Michelin

Who is the Editor of the Journal of Food Science?

Amanda Fergusun

What is the equation named after german and canadian scientist?

Michaelis Menten equation

What is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat

Joule Heating

What is the sweetener found in some peanut butter that may be toxic to dogs?

Xylitol

What is the most effective synthetic antioxidant?

TBHQ

What is the latent heat of fusion?

temperature remains constant as solid turns to liquid

MC: This fermented cheese is named for what city in England? a. Applewood b. Cheddar c. Mozarella d. Yarg

a. Cheddar

What is a Soxhlet analyzer used to measure?

Fat

What is the typical shelf life of pasteurized milk held under refrigeration?

12-16 days

Who publishes food chemicals, Codex

United States Pharmacopeia

List 3 methods to measure the molecular weight of polysaccharides.

osmotic pressure, light scattering, NMR, gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography(SEC)

Give the locations for IFT Annual Meetings from 2014-2020.

New Orleans, Chicago, Chicago, Las Vegas, Chicago, New Orleans, Chicago

What is the difference between the following types of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Nominal = the items examined are placed in two or three groups that differ in name but do not obey any particular order or any quantitative relationship; Ordinal = the panelist places the items examined into two or more groups that belong to an ordered series (e.g. level of intensity); Interval = panelists place the items into numbered groups separated by a constant interval (e.g., three, four, five, six); Ratio = panelists use numbers that indicate how many times the stimulus in question is stronger than a reference stimulus presented earlier; Nominal data contains the least information. ordinal data carries more information and can be analyzed by most nonparametric statistical tests. Interval and ratio data are even better because they can be analyzed by all nonparametric methods and often by parametric methods. Ratio data is preferred by some because it is free from end of scale distortions, however, in practice, interval data, which is easier to collect, appears to give equal results

Ratio of viscous/elastic portion in rheology:

tan delta or damping factor

From what source was Clostridium botulinum first isolated?

Answer: Smoked ham

Black-eyed peas and not peas. What are they?

Beans

What protein in eggs can kill bacteria?

lysozyme

What is a mathematical technique for determining the best use of available resources when these resources can be used in other products?

least cost formulation

What are 3 functions of phosphorus in the human body?

bone deposition, membrane components, atp

What does TBHQ stand for and what is its function in food?

Tertiary butylhydroquinone, it is used as an antioxidant in fats and oils

Name two types of controlled atmosphere packaging.

vacuum packaging and shrink wrapping

What property of a liquid provides resistance to flow?

Viscosity

What are the 8 key elements in an aseptic processing system?

the product, flow control (pumps), deaerator (optional), product heating, hold tube, product cooling, surge tank, filler for packaging

Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?

Land-Grant College Act

Why is glucose oxidase sometimes added to egg whites before dehydration?

removes glucose and reduces browning

Which comprises for 20% calorie intake in world

Rice

What is an ideal surface which absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence, and emits the maximum possible thermal radiation at a given temperature?

blackbody

Give 3 reasons why the baking performance of flour might vary.

Flour components, such as protein, starch, and lipids change, and these changes directly affect dough rheological and baking characteristics. Storage conditions. Storage temperature, moisture content, relative humidity (RH), atmospheric oxygen content, light, and microbial activity all affect

Two main functions of emulsifying salts in processed cheese making?

Flavor, emulsification

What type of method is the phenol sulfuric acid value, and what does this assay determine?

colorimetric, total carbohydrates

What does "TA" mean in regards to spoilage of canned food?

Thermophilic anaerobic

How many categories of uses does caramel fall under?

four

What is the name of the classic Mexican sauce containing chilies, nuts, and chocolate?

mole

You are running a titration to determine the % tartaric acid in juice. You use 20 mLs of 0.1N NaOH for 2 grams of juice. What is the % tartaric acid of the sample?

7.5%

If you order your food 'a la carte', you order it from: Drive-through window, daily specials, over the phone, menu

The Menu

Voluntary HACCP program

What is the flavor enhancer manufactured from glutamic acid?

MSG- Monosodium Glutamate

What is the driving force of osmosis?

chemical potential

What is the approximate number of flavorists in the world?

500

Which fruit can be added without destroying the gel: pineapple, papaya, kiwi, strawberry, fig

Strawberry (no proteolytic enzyme)

What is the main disadvantage of commercial sterilization of a food?

significant changes in nutritive and sensory characteristics

Pozole is a fermented soup or stew from which country?

Mexico

Animal used for truffles traditionally?

Hogs

Relative sweetness of sugars (low to high): galactose, maltose, glucose, trehalose, sucrose, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, sucrose, fructose

lactose, galactose, maltose = trehalose, mannitol=sorbitol, glucose, xylitol = sucrose, fructose

What ingredient makes tonic water fluoresce?

quinine

What is defined as the ability of meat to retain its water during application of external forces such as cutting, heating, grinding, or pressing?

water holding capacity

What is the name of this Italian cheese that contains live maggots?

Casu Marzu

A popular south asian delicacy, Balut is a dish cooked by boiling or steaming what and eaten from its shell?

Fertilized developing duck egg embryo

In terms of plant respiration, what does the acronym RQ stand for and how is it defined?

Respiration Quotient. It is defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the plant to oxygen consumed by the plant

Where in the US are C. botulinum type A, B, and type E generally found?

type B toxin causes most cases of botulism in horses in the midwestern and mid-Atlantic states of the U.S., while type A is usually responsible for equine cases in the western states. . Type E-producing C. botulinum strains tend to occur in coastal areas and other aquatic environments

How does the high sugar content in food affect the drying process?

It takes longer, as sugar attracts water.

A microbial population has been decreased by what percentage when it undergoes a one-log reduction?

0.9%

Why does a hold tube have an upward slope?

to eliminate air pockets and ensure self draining

What is the major protein in milk?

Casein

What is an achromatic color?

– A color that has no hue (white, gray or black)

In apple juice, titratable acidity should be reported as which acid equivalent?

Malic acid

How has the Food Quality Protection Act changed food regulations?

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will change how they evaluate pesticides in setting tolerances for raw agricultural commodities. Pesticides will no longer be subject to the strict zero tolerance of the Delaney Clause.

Primary yeast used in baking is what?

Saccharomyces cerevisae

What are 2 internal conditions that affect drying?

properties of the food, thermoconductivity, density, porosity, sorption isotherms

Arrange them according to saturated fat percentage: butter, coconut, pork fat, olive oil

coconut (90), Butter (63), pork fat (37.5), olive oil (14)

By volume, what is the most consumed dairy product around the world?

milk

Who is the current treasurer of IFT?

Scott Lineback

List two unacceptable flavor compounds in beer, and what flavor do they impart?

Diacetyl - butter or butterscotch; dimethyl sulfide - cooked vegetable, corn, black currant; Ethyl nicotinate - medicinal; Acetaldehyde - green apples; short chain fatty acids - cheese, goat, body odor and wet dog; alcohols other than ethanol - coconut or solvent character

8 cups: ? gallon

half gallon

Named after the Italian physician & physicist Luigi Galvani, name the instrument used to measure electric current.

Galvanometer (Ammeter also acceptable)

Name 4 cereal grains in the Poesia family.

oats, barley, wheat, rye, rice, corn/maize, sorghum, millet, spelt, triticale

What actions can FDA take against companies or individuals who market adulterated or misbranded cosmetics

FDA can pursue action through the Department of Justice in the federal court system, request a federal district court to issue a restraining order, may be subject to seizure or crimal action

What is fuzzy logic in simple terms?

A form of logic which can take many values, as opposed to 1 or 0 or True or False, in conventional Boolean Logic

Give the equation for determining loss tangent, also called dissipation factor.

dielectric loss factor divided by dielectric constant

What are the precursors of apocarotenoids?

carotenoids

What was the first year of the IFTSA product development competition?

1991

Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?

Calpains

When evaluating baking and frying conditions, what unit is used to quantify the lightness of the baked crust or crumb?

Baking Contrast Units, or BCU

What is the color pigment in turmeric?

Brilliant yellow

Identify the name of this sensory test: five samples are presented and panelists are instructed that two are of one kind and three are of another. The panelists are then asked to identify the two different samples.

Two out of five test

How many vitamins are there in all?

What is the measure of protein quality using weight gain in experimental animals when fed test item?

protein efficiency ratio(PER)

List 6 vegetables that are part of the Brassica plants.

brassica (and not Brassicaceae), rutabaga, turnip, kohlrabi, cabbage, collard greens, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, mustard seed, rapeseed

What are the six colors of teas?

White, black, green, yellow, bluegreen, another type of yellow

What pigment is a precursor to vitamin A?

Beta-carotene

What flavor compound is responsible for the flavor of the Italian liquor Amarreto?

Benzaldehyde and taste a little bit like cherries.

Who was the first commission of the US Food and Drug Administration?

Harvey Washington Wiley

Which genus of bacteria are used in the production of kimchi?

Lactobacillus

Name 5 ways that processors can reduce the microbial population or growth of microoragnisms in a food product.

heat treatment, refrigeration (or decreasing temperature), decrease water activity, removing contaminated portions (or trimming), using chemicals (accept both addivitves and sanitizers, such as chlorine), encouraging the growth of fermentation microorganisms, minimizing contamination, cleaning and sanitization of equipment and facilities, etc.

As of 2006, what is IFTs definition of Food Science?

Food science draws from many disciplines such as biology, chemical engineering, and biochemistry in an attempt to better understand food processes and ultimately improve food products for the general public.

Name the plants used to make the following liquors? kachaka, rum, vodka, baijiu, Mezcal

Vodka: potatoes/ cereal grains, Rum: sugar cane or molasses, Cachaça: cane sugar, Agave: Mezcal Sorghum: Kaoliang liquor Kaoliang liquor, Gaoliang liquor or Sorghum liquor is a strong distilled liquor of Chinese origin made from fermented sorghum. It is a type of light-aroma Baijiu.

What is the function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods?

production of flavor compounds (acetaldehyde and diacetyl) (homofermenters increase acidity)

What does HACCP stand for and give its 7 principles.

HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points; 1. conduct hazard analysis, 2. identify critical control points, 3. establish critical limits, 4. establish monitoring procedures, 5. establish corrective actions, 6. establish verification procedures, 7. establish record-keeping procedures

Why was Schwan’s ice cream recalled from the marketplace in October of 1994?

presence of Salmonella

What three taste qualities share a common signaling pathway?

Bitter, sweet, umami

With respect to food processing, what is SS 316?

SS 316 is a food grade austenitic stainless steels

What breakfast cereal was Sonny the Cuckoo Bird "cuckoo for"?

Cocoa Puffs

What are the sugar alcohols formed by the reduction of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, and xylose?

sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol

Define the molecular biology term "transformation".

The process of genetic transfer of foreign DNA

Why is AL layer used in retort pouches?

keep out light and for gas impermeability

What is the state appetizer of Rhode Island?

Calamari

When was the Food Quality and Protection Act enacted and what did it do?

in 1996 and it gave the EPA control over pesticides in food

Define enhancement in the context of the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures.

The effect created when one substance increasing the perceived intensity of a second substance.

Which amino acids are excpeotionally high in nuts?

Arginine

What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?

Tryptophan

Cloud stability in products like tomato and orange juice is favored by which of the following? A) Inactivation of polygalacturonase B) Inactivation of PME C) Addition of PME

B) Inactivation of PME

Name the ingredients of mayonnaise.

Eggs, vegetable oil, acid (lemon juice, vinegar, citric acid)

When was the dietary supplement health and education act enacted?

1994

Fat is important in baking. Provide 1 example of how butter is important in bread making, cake baking, and cookie baking.

Bread – lubricates the dough and helps maintain gases, resulting in well-risen loaf, soft crumb Cake – changes the emulsion from water in oil to oil in water the batter volume increases, it can also help retain gases during baking. Improves the texture Cookies – fat prevents the development of gluten

What is the name of potent carcinogen produced by mold in corn.

Aflatoxin

What are the four main products of the corn wet-milling proces?

protein, starch, oil, fiber

Top 3 microbial causes of foodborne illnesses.

Norovirus, salmonella, clostridium perfringes

What are 4 limitations of IR heating?

IR radiation has limited penetration power, penetrative radiation energy does not make significant contribution to internal heating (need to combine IR with other heating methods for best result), maily efficient for solid products only, risks of infrared energy hazard to eyes and skin

What is the meaning of the term "organoleptic testing"?

evaluation involving use of the sense organs

What is the microorganism used to make miso and sake?

Aspergillus orzae

What flavor of ice cream did Baskin-Robbins introduce to commemorate America's landing on the moon on July 20, 1969?

Lunar cheesecake

What are the two principal sources of juiciness in meat, as detected by consumers?

Moisture and intramuscular fat (marbling)

100g serving : 5g fat, 4g protein, 3g carbs. Caloric value?

Which regulatory agency has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food in the U.S.?

The FDA

Name 5 of the 14 mandatory dietary components that must appear on the nutrition facts panel as stated in the Nutrition labeling and education act of 1990.

total calories, dietary fiber, trans fat, sugars, total fat, Vitamin A, Cholesterol, Vitamin C, saturated fat, sodium, iron, calcium, total carbohydrate, protein

What is the approximate per capita seafood consumption in the U.S.?

15.5 lbs in 2015

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius is called what?

Calorie

List 5 types of biases that may be caused by order of presentation in sensory evaluation

Contrast effect, group effect, error of central tendency, pattern effect, time error/positional bias

What are 2 sources of cholesterol in human blood?

your diet and your liver (endogenous synthesis)

By weight, what are the three most common GRAS substances in foods, besides water?

Salt, sugar, corn syrup

Name the genus of bacteria added with the starter culture for Swiss cheese.

Propionibacterium freudenreichii subspecies shermanii

Give the food pyramid.

My pyramid includes grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and beans and excerise

What is a winter banana?

A variety of apple

What sugar is not detected using Nelson’s reagent assay?

Sucrose

What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?

Vitamin E

EPA and DHA number of unsaturation and carbon number and name.

EPA: Ecosapentanoic acid, C20H30O2, DHA: Docosahexanoic acid, C22H32O2, Both are w3

According to recent federal regulations, a warning label must be on fruit juice products, which have not been so processed or treated to achieve what performance standard?

5 log (100,000 or 99.999%) reductions in significant pathogens

Name the body parts from which following meat cuts are derived: Trotters, lights, tripe, rounds, sweetbreads.

Sweetbreads: Thymus or pancreatic glands Trotters: Hooves, feet Tripe: stomach lining Lights: Lungs Rounds: cuts from rear leg

What are the 5 methods used for dough fermentation in bread manufacturing?

sponge dough, straight dough, continuous mix, liquid ferment, short-time dough

Define fecal coliforms and indicate the reason that they are often evaluated in foods.

facultative anaerobes (organisms which can survive in the absence of oxygen), gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose (a type of sugar), producing gas and acid within 48 hours when cultured at 35oC. Their lack of ability to form spores makes them more susceptible to destruction by environmental conditions.they are used as indicators of fecal contamination

What are the 2 metals used in drink or beverage cans?

aluminum and steel (tin-plated steel is also acceptable)

In 1926, the Michelin man began to award stars for fine dining. What does each star mean?

1 = worth a stop, 2 = worth a detour, 3 = worth a special journey

What is the boiling point definition?

the temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (760 nm)

What is the term used to describe pork meat that has undergone a sudden decrease in pH after slaughter?

Pale, Soft, and Exudative Meat

What is the name of the holes in swiss cheese and what are they caused by?

Eyes; the carbon dioxide produced by the microbe Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii

Maple syrup urine disease are advised to have a diet free of: Branched chain amino acids, Medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, monosaccharides

BCAAs

Mageirocophobia is a fear of what?

cooking

What is the eutectic point?

the lowest point on the freezing point depression curve

Name two fermentation sources of chymosin.

kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli

What is the K-value in assessing meat and fish?

The K-value measures how far ATP degradation has progressed within the tissue (Inosine+Hypoxanthine)/(Inosinic acid+Inosine+hypoxanthine)/Total nucleotide content

The generally accepted oldest food law is the 'Reinheitsgebot' law aka German Purity Law which defines beer can contain what three ingredients?

Barley or malt as well as water but the third ingredient is hops.

Name a salt soluble meat protein.

myosin, actin

What is the smoke point temperature for fat?

442 deg F

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, gelatin, egg albumin and Icing glass are commonly added to beverages direct processing, why?

To clarify because they form complexes with tannins and polyphenols which then precipitate out.

Who has the prime responsibility for the safety, wholesomeness, and nutritional quality of food?

- Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA seeks to ensure that meat and poultry products for human consumption are safe, wholesome, and correctly marked, labeled, and packaged if they move into interstate or international commerce. FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) seeks to ensure that all other foods are safe, sanitary, nutritious, wholesome, and honestly and adequately labeled

What is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as?

F or sterilization process equivalent time

Name the body parts from which following meat cuts are derived: Trotters, lights, tripe, rounds, sweetbreads.

Sweetbreads: Thymus or pancreatic glands Trotters: Hooves, feet Tripe: stomach lining Lights: Lungs Rounds: cuts from rear leg

What type of packaging often has been filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas?

modified atmosphere packaging

Name one genus of bacteria that can cause ileocecitus, a disease that mimicks appendicitis.

Yersenia, Camplyobacter, Salmonella

What are the 2 types of direct heating?

steam injection and steam infusion

What is the difference between recombinant bovine growth hormone and natural bovine growth hormone?

Recombinant version has an additional Methionine

Give 3 advantages of food dehydration over sun drying.

more controlled conditions, shorter drying time, better sanitary conditions, no climate losses due to weather, some products (such as milk) cannot be sun dried

What is the typical color of fast twitch muscles?

white

What is a farinograph used for?

shear and viscosity (or properties is acceptable) of dough

waxes are composed of what two basic chemical entities?

fatty acid (ester linked) to fatty alcohol

Name two plastic forming techniques.

injection molding, extrusion blow molding, compression forming, vacuum forming

What compound is responsible for “banana” flavor?

isoamyl acetate

Which U.S. President signed the Wholesome Meat Act into law?

Lyndon B. Johnson

Define and differentiate between GMPs and cGMPs.

GMPs are Good Manufacturing Practices used by the food industry; cGMPs are Current Good Manufacturing Practices regulations under FDA codified at 21 CFR 110

Term for %age increase in volume of ice cream after incorporation of air

Overrun

What are chylomicrons and what do they do?

A type of lipoprotein that delivers triacylglycerol to cells in the body

What hydrocolloid is primarily used as a stabilizer in chocolate milk and ice cream?

Carrageenan

What disease is associated with immune response to gluten?

Celiac disease

What does DHHS stand for?

Department of Health and Human Services

Name 3 popular grapevine species used as wine grape rootstock.

Vitis rupestris, Vitis riparia, Vitis lincecumii

What is the name given to the propylene polymer produced by being stretched both in and across machine direction?

Bi-axially oriented polypropylene

Where are lipovitellin and livetins found?

in egg yolks

What is the enzyme from pineapple that has medicinal uses?

Bromelain

What does the term "con carne" mean in mexican food?

With meat

What are some of the disadvantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?

large sensing element, not possible for continuous or automatic readout, long time constant

What food will never rot and has been recorded to last 3,000 years?

Honey

Name 3 major functions of sulfuric acid in the Babcock test?

Dissolve colloid components Dissolve fat globule membranes Produce heat to liquefy fat Provide differences in specific gravity for easier separation of liquid fat

Why is stannous chloride added to canned tomatoes?

People are used to the tin taste from the good old days when cans were made of tin

Who is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IFT?

Christie Tarantino-Dean

What are the 6 sizes of eggs?

jumbo, extra large, large, medium, small and pee wee

Classify the followng microorganisms into intoxication or infection: C. bot, Campylobacter jejuni, Staph aureus, Aspergillus flavus, Salmonella

C. bot: intoxication, Campylobacter jejuni: infection, Staph aureus: intoxication, Aspergillus flavus: intoxication, Salmonella: infection

What was the first year for IFTSA?

1982

Name one chemical compound that is used to sanitize food processing equipment.

Hypochlorites, quaternary ammonium, Peroxyacetic Acid (PAA)

What is the pH range of the indicator, phenolphthalein?

8-9.6

What milk protein is not synthesized in mammary glands but enters the milk through passive leakage through bloodstream?

BSA, bovine serum albumin

What part of the beef steer does the porterhouse steak come from?

the loin (short loin or back are also acceptable)

How does high moisture content of foods affect browning?

causes browning to happen more slowly

What are the 2 types of food poisioning possibly recieved from consuming fish?

ciguatera and scombroid

Marsh Ruby, Ruby Red, Melogold, Oro Blanco (White Golden) and Star Ruby are varieties of what?

Grapefruit(citrus fruit)

How many flowers does it take to produce 1 lb of dried saffron?

75,000

Someone has suggested that you use sucrose in your confectionary product where Maillard browning is desirable, will this cause a problem?

yes, because sucrose is a non-reducing sugar

A pink color in sauerkraut indicates the presence of what?

Yeast

What is the distillation method used to measure moisture called?

carl-fisher

Which legume accounts for one sixth of the world's vegetable oil production?

The peanut.

What are two types of fruit and vegetable peelers?

caustic or lye; steam; hot water; abrasive

What is the protein content of straight (hard wheat) flour used for making white bread?

12-14% protein

Why are fruits or vegetables often heated prior to maceration for juice production?

to inactivate native enzymes, reduce microbial load and affect an increase in juice yield

List one of the three safe methods to defrost food.

refrigerator thawing, cold water thawing, microwave thawing or (cooking without thawing)

What is the primary ingredient in sand?

silica (silicon dioxide)

What state is the pretzel making capital of the U.S.?

Pennsylvania

This important packaging material was patented in 1810 by Peter Durand of England.

Tin can

Which of the following food has a highest amount of zinc, per gram?

a ground beef b. chickpeas., c. oysters

How long does a patent last?

20 years from the date filed. Note: the patent holder is required to pay maintenance fees to keep his patent valid

What is the name of the mascot for Frosted Flakes cereal?

Tony the Tiger

What is the distance from the surface of the food material at which the incident microwave power is reduced to 1/e of its value at the surface of the product?

penetration depth

T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.

False, carrots are roots.

What is the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of casein?

2.5

What are some of the disadvantages of thermal processing?

nutrient loss, reduce desirable qualities such as texture, flavor, color, lower antioxidant and phenolic content

Name a bacteriocin approved for use in the US.

nisin

Who is the editor in chief of Food Technology magazine?

Bob Swientek

One sulfur containing amino acid?

methionine, cysteine

What two agencies publish updated dietary guidelines in US every five years?

USDA and HHS

What grain has been cultivated for more than 8,000 years?

Amaranth

For what foods has irradiation been approved as a preservation method?

Poultry, pork and spices

What is the predominant meat that PSE occurs in?

Pork (you could argue Turkey)

Name the fermented milk drink.

kefir

The PBS/HBO children's television show Sesame Street features a blue muppet character named after a snack and is always hungry for it. Name the character.

Cookie Monster

What is the process in which beer is matured at colder temperatures for many weeks, even up to a year?

Lagering

What is the established legal level for reduced cholesterol in food?

25% reduction

Why is the recommended storage temperature for potatoes greater than 25 degrees C?

Lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning (called Cold-Induced Sweetening)

What template is used in conducting real-time PCR?

DNA

What were british sailors named after?

limes

Belgian waffles were invented in which country?

Luxembourge

What pigment produces white color in vegetables?

Anthoxanthin

As of 2005, what is the official soft drink of Maine?

Moxie

Name one bacterium that is in the nodules of roots of leguminous plants.

rhizobium

Give the resultant color for each of the following L*a*b* scores: 1) L* = 50, a*= 50, b* = 50; 2) L* = 50, a*= 0, b* = 0; 3) L* = 40, a*= 10, b* = 40

red, gray, brown

What is syneresis?

the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel.

On what food stuff is the mycotoxin patulin most commonly produced on?

apples

In genetics, what is transduction?

Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as hosts (living cell) to make more viruses.

Classifying the following microorganisms if they cause intoxication or infection regarding foodborne illness: Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus, and salmonella species.

Answer: C.bot – toxin (botulinum toxin), Campy (infection), Staph (intoxication, Amongst the more common toxins secreted by S. aureus are hemolysin, leukotoxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).), A. flavus (aflatoxin), Salmonella (infection).

Name 4 components of dietary fiber.

lignin, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, cellulose, gums, mucilages

Put the following foods in order from least to greatest based on the grams of carbs per serving. 5-inch pancake, 8 oz flavored yogurt, 10 oz skim milk, 1 cup of bean chili, ½ cup applesauce

½ cup applesauce (5) 5-inch pancake (15) 10 oz skim milk (15) 1 cup chilli with beans (30) 8 oz flavored yogurt (45)

Give the nonnutritive sweetener used in the production of the following artificial sweeteners: NutraSweet, Sweet One, Sweet’N Low, Splenda, Equal.

Aspartame (NutraSweet® and Equal®) Acesulfame-K (Sweet One®) Neotame Saccharin (Sweet’N Low®) Sucralose (Splenda®)

What is the name of the Scandinavian dish that is composed of whitefish that has been dried and soaked in lye?

Lutefisk

The beef rib and chuck are separated between which two ribs?

5th and 6th

Mexican sauce with chillies, nuts and various ingredients

Mole

Mercene, Limonene, and Pinene all belong to what family of hydrocarbons?

Terpenes

At what pH can a food be called an acid food?

a pH less than 4.6

What is the name of the viscous liquid in which legumes have been cooked?

It's called aquafaba

In cooking what is the function of arrowroot powder?

It is a thickening agent

What 2 vitamins are required for cell division?

folacin and B12 (cobalamin)

Name 2 natural surfactants.

lecithin, whey protein

Min fat % according to SOI: Butter, whole milk, cottage cheese, cream cheese

butter: 80%, whole milk: 3.25%, cream cheese: 33%, cottage cheese: 4%

Name 5 spices that contain the flavor compound eugenol.

Cloves, cinnamon, Jamaica allspice, sage, sweet basil, bay leaves, sweet marjoram

In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between "sterility" and "commercial sterility"?

Sterility: free from microorganism Commercial Sterility: Free from pathogenic microorganisms and reduced levels of spoilage microorganisms that does not affect quality of a product

What is the name of the plant that capers come from?

Caper plants (Capparis spinosa)

What pasta dish went viral on TikTok in 2021?

Baked feta pasta

Bundle of herbs is called

Boque garni

What is the most common preservative in processed meats?

Salt

What is the pigment responsible for the bright red color of ground beef?

oxymyoglobin

What is the enzyme that reacts with phospholipids?

Phospholipases

Define the concept of thermal death time.

the time to kill a given number of organisms at a given temperature under specific conditions

What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?

Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite

What term describes removal of muscles from carcass before chilling?

Hot boning

Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?

Kumquat

Which foodborne pathogen also causes necrotic enteritis in poultry and gas gangrene in humans?

Clostridium perfringens

What is the country of origin for Kolsch, a type of beer?

Germany

A “Hard Cheese” must contain no more than what percent moisture?

39%

This substance is formed from gliadins, glutenins and glycolipids when water is mixed with wheat flour.

gluten

what was the previous name of the FDA?

Food drug and insecticide administration (renamed 1931)

What salt causes coagulation in tofu?

Ca sulphate or MgCl2

One specific class of enzymes is thought to be responsible for the disruption of fat globule membrane in raw milk?

Phospholipases

What does the acronym NADA stand for?

new animal drug application

Name three gelling food proteins?

egg white, whey, casein, soy

What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?

Give the temperature and z value for the commonly used/standard F sub zero value that is based on the destruction of a population of C. botulinum.

temperature: 18 F or 10 C, z value: 250 or 121

What is the purpose of catabolic processes?

break down complex compounds to release energy

Anti nutritional factor in rhubarb and spinach that prohibits calcium absorption?

Oxalic acid

Legally, cheese must be aged for at least how many days if produced using raw milk?

What type of bacteria love high heat?

thermophiles

Define absolute zero and provide the kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperatures for this point.

temperature at which particle motion stops (is minimal), 0 kelvin, -273.15 Celsius, -459.67 Fahrenheit.

Pomegranate peel can be used as a natural dye. What color does it produce?

Yellow

Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What is this called?

Maturation or aging

Standards of identity include which of the following: a) ingredients that must be used; b) ingredients that may be used; C) Ingredients that may not be used

All (a, b, c)

Who is the current IFTSA College Bowl Competition Chair and what school are they from?

Abigail Sommer; Ohio State University

What is poising capacity?

apparent resistance to change in redox potential

What kind of emulsion system is butter?

W/O

What food is most associated with the foodborne illness agent enterobacter sakazakii?

Infant formula

Alcohol insoluble solids content in vegetables is indicator of

Maturity and ripeness

When can a regional section be established?

when 25 or more members live within the same geographical area

To standardize the names of retail cuts, the meat industry has adopted a common list of names called what?

Uniform retail meat identity standards (URMIS)

What are the two selected agents in Baird-Parker media?

is a medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in foods which was first reported by Baird-Parker (1962) contains Lithium chloride and tellurite

What is condensing plastic?

a plastic that can be reduced to its monomeric form, cleaned, and polymerized to be used again

What is the stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration?

climacteric

What causes the pH to drop during the aging of eggs?

loss of carbon dioxide through the egg shell

What is the term for butter without milk solids and water?

Clarified butter/ ghee

Name 3 design considerations in an air impingement oven.

air velocity, jet configuration, nozzle to target surface spacing, location of exhaust ports, induced or imposed cross flow, surface motion, angle of impingement, nozzle design, temperature differences between the jet and the impingement surface

How many molecules of oxygen are in glucose?

Baird parker mediums are used to detect and enumerate which organism or groups of organisms?

Staphylococcus aureus or staphylococci

The amount of alcohol in beers sold or created and sold in the United States is measured by using what method?

ABV- alcohol by volume

The wavelength of which color in the visible spectrum is closest to the x-rays?

Violet (Purple not acceptable)

Name the monomeric unit of amylose and amylopectin and give the linkages for each type.

amylose: glucose; a 1-->4 linkage ; amylopectin: glucose, a 1-->4 and 1 -->6 linkages

What is the scientific name of the honeybee?

Apis mellifera

How many years does an individual need to be a member of IFT before they can become an IFT fellow?

15 years

I, F, T, S, A amino acids

Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, threonine, serine, alanine

Where does the wine Vin Jaune originate?

France

What did the Delaney Clause do?

food additives were added to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1958.

What are the toxic glycosides present in lima beans and cassava?

cyanogenic glycosides

Which vitamin is prevented from being absorbed by raw egg whites?

biotin (vitamin B7)

Gum arabic is composed of what monosaccharide?

Arabinose and galactose

What scientist won a nobel prize for being the first to deduce the amino acid sequence of insulin and second for being the first to sequence DNA?

frederick sanger

What kind of milk is Roquefort cheese made from?

Sheep’s milk

Name any 1 mold (either in spore form, germinated cells, mycelium) that can be found in blue cheese.

Penicillium roqueforti, P. glaucum, Penicillium stilton, Penicillium gorgonzola

Enzyme used to cut DNA: Conversion, Mannic, Conjungtion and restriction

restriction

Rank the relative sweetness of the following polyhydric alcohols: sorbitol, glycerol, xylitol, mannitol

most sweet: xylitol, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol

Give the significance of the following dates for U.S. food law: 1785, 1850, 1862, 1906

1785-The Massachusetts “Act Against Selling Unwholesome Provisions,” 1906- Pure Food and Drugs Act was signed by President Roosevelt 1862- President Abraham Lincoln founded the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Polyvinylidene chloride was the original name for this product that was created in 1942.

Saran wrap

What is raffinose?

Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose

Name food made from dried maize undergone alkali treatment

Hominy

Describe the difference between hue, value, and chroma.

HUE: a color or shade . VALUE: value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color.When referring to pigments, dark values with black added are called “shades” of the given hue name. Light values with white pigment added are called “tints” of the hue name. CHROMA: purity or intensity of color E.G.In red hue, fire engine red, brick red & grey is pure red/high intensity, mid intense & low intensity, respectively

What is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that has been identified in free-ranging and captive mule deer, white tailed deer, and elk?

Chronic wasting disease

What is MAP and CAP?

Modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmosphere packaging

Name any three enzymes that are inactivated during blanching.

PME, PPO, lipoxygenase, polygalacturonase,chlorophyllase

What is the main flavor of Earl Grey Tea?

Bergamot orange

Give the Henderson Hasselbach equation and define each term.

ph=pKa + log[A/HA] ph = -log[H+] pKa = ionization constant A = concentration of dissociated (-ion) HA = concentration of undissociated ions

What graph tracks the course of the drying process of a food, relative to water content and water activity?

desorption isotherm

What are mycoses?

When molds and fungi colonize body surfaces. There are various types, categorized based on how deep into tissues they inhabit.

Rank these cheeses from lowest moisture content to highest moisture content. Neufchatel, Romano, Gruyere, Munster, edam

Neufchatel, Munster, Gruyere, Edam, Romano

Give three reasons for drying foods.

The main objective of drying food is to prolong its shelf-life beyond that of the fresh material, while at the same time minimizing undesirable changes in appearance, texture, flavor, and nutritional value during the drying process. In addition to the preservation of the product, drying can bring about savings in storage and transport of foods owing to the reduction in weight and bulk that occurs during most methods of drying.

Assuming an average lifetime of 70 years, how many seconds is 1 billionth of an average lifetime?

2.2 seconds

What does SPC stand for in microbiology?

Standard plate count

Which is the name of the process where a foods temperature goes from 32deg F to 25degF in 30 minutes?

Quick freezing

What is the time necessary at a given temperature to sterilize a suspension of bacteria and their spores (if they form spores)?

Thermal death time

The first federal food law was passed in 1906. What was it?

Food and Drugs Act and/or Meat Inspection Act, both June 30th, 1906.

Give 4 reasons why compounds are micro-encapsulated.

Stability against oxidation, bioavailability, stability, resistant to pH, protect reactive substances from the environment, controlled/delayed release of compounds

The presence of beta-giucuronidase signifies the presence of what microorganism?

Escherichia coli

What constituent or property of food does the iodine value measure

degree of unsaturation of fats or oils

What food product was the first to ever have a barcode?

Wrigely’s gum

What is the term that describes food where an ingredient, such as a vitamin or mineral, has been added for dietary purposes only?

fortified

E. coli O157H7 was first identified as a human pathogen in 1982. But what year was it first isolated from an infected person?

1975

An enzyme the removes methanol from pectin is called what?

Pectin methylesterase

You are trying to pasteurize milk to reduce the amount of E. coli. If you are treating the milk for 15 seconds what temperature is needed?

149 deg F or 65 deg C

What color are anothcyanins at acidic pH?

Red

Bonus named three fruit derived enzymes and their sources, commonly used as meat tenderizer?

papain: papaya, bromiline: pineapple, Actidin: kiwi, ficin: figs

Name 4 types of lipoproteins.

VLDL, LDL, HDL, IDL, chylomicrons

What is a Kilojoule?

The SI unit of energy.

What food additive allows Morton salt to say, "When it rains, it pours?"

Calcium silicate

Name one amino acid that contributes significantly to the absorbance of light at 280nm.

Tryptophan

What 5 nutrients must by law be included in enriched bread?

thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folic acid

What is the IMVIC test?

Indole Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer Citrate

TF high density polyethylene is made up of carbon chains that are highly branched.

False

Dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats.

true

Spider cheese is made by fermenting quartz with rye flour and what arthropod?

Dust mites

What single kind of restructured meats represents the most volume and value and involves finding meat pieces into a single piece?

Sectioned and Formed

What is the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation or activation of enzymes?

Zymology or enzymology

What two beef wholesale cuts yield "middle meats"?

ribeye roll, lip-on; tenderloin; strip loin; top sirloin butt

What is the scientific name of the beef tri-tip muscle?

tensor fasciae latae

What are the top three states in the value production of cucumbers for pickles?

Michigan, Florida and North Carolina

The Boston butt cut comes from what body region?

Upper shoulder

What was the impact of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 on food additive evaluation and approval?

As a result of FDAMA, certain indirect food additives (those that meet the definition of food contact substances) are approved by a premarket notification process rather than the traditional petition process.

What are 3 folic acid rich foods?

leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and juices, beans lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, broccoli

In directed interesterification, higher melting and least soluble TG molecules in the mixture crystallize. This is achieved by _________________.

lowering the reaction temperature

Apart from carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen, which other gas is allowed in some countries for MAP?

Carbon Monoxide

What biomolecules are identified by the following acronyms: FAD, NAD+, ATP

flavin adenine dinucleotide, nictoinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine triphosphate

Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________

FDA Food Code

What government agency is responsible for the inspection and grading of fish and fishery products?

the national marine fisheries service of the department of commerce?

What is the state mushroom of Oregon?

Pacific Golden Chanterelle

In July 1996, USDA-FSIS made a final ruling that all meat processors must implement what?

HACCP

What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?

Gin

What is the state fruit of West Virginia?

Golden Delicious Apple

The reaction of secondary amine with nitrous acid results in the formation of powerful carcinogens called

nitrosamines

What vitamin, when fed to cattle, has increased retail case-life of fresh beef?

Vitamin E

When was the USDA created and who did Abraham Lincoln appoint as the 1st leader?

1862, Charles Wetherill

What is direct acid set cottage cheese?

cottage cheese made with food grade organic acids rather than bacteria starter cultures.

Who developed the flavor profile method?

Arthur D. Little

TWEEN belongs to what groups of food additives?

Emulsifiers

What should be the size of milk fat globules after homogenization?

less than or equal to 2 microns

What is the Molish test used for?

Carbohydrates

What is the name of a freze-dried potato product in Bolivia and Peru?

Chuno

What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?

Break down carcass into smaller parts (vacuum packaged, bone and unwanted fats removed)

What science deals with the harmful effects of chemicals on humans?

Toxicology

Which fruit bearing trees are evergreen?

Citrus (or any one of orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, etc.)

Beef is high in what kind of vitamins?

B (B12)

Who was the first athlete on Wheaties box?

Lou gerrick

Which nutrient enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract?

Vitamin C

What is the scale used to measure the bitterness of commercially brewed beers?

IBU (International Bittering Unit)

Unleavened flatbread in the Jewish cuisine is called?

Matza

Botswick measures what?

Popular for measuring consistency, flow rate and viscosity in a variety of viscous materials.

What are other names for the baobab tree?

Monkey Bread Tree, Tree of Life, Bottle Tree or Upside Down Tree

What is the most common way to avoid a foodborne illness?

Wash hands

Name the principal organic acid in apples?

Malic

Name 2 ways lactose is commonly isolated from whey.

crystallization or nanofiltration

What is the main ingredient in guacamole?

Avocado

To which of the following filament protein does Ca++ bind, and regulate actin myosin interaction during muscle contraction : a) myosin, b) actin, c) troponin

Troponin

An enzyme family called ________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.

Hexokinases

Why is sucrose added to dough when making bread?

it increases viscosity & increases foam stability

Define the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.

Primary=amino acid sequence, secondary=alpha-helix, beta sheet. Tertiary=one complete protein chain with cross bonds linking it together. Quaternary= four separate protein chains assembled as one.

What study was conducted in 1991, 1995, and 2000 to establish baselines for beef quality shortfalls and identify targets for desired quality levels?

National Beef Quality Audit

Steer and barrow carcasses unlike heifer and gilt carcasses, have what adjacent to the posterior end of the aitch bone?

Pizzle eye

In terms of dehydration please describe how osmosis works.

as water on the surface evaporates, the water moves from the interior to the surface due to the new concentration gradient.

Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten.

intoxication: S. aureus, C. botulinum, B. cereus, C. perfringens. Infection: E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis spp, Yersinia enterocolitica, Camylobacter jejuni, etc.

A higher attenuation factor does what to the distribution?

makes the distribution less uniform

What three parameters determine hold tube length?

residence time, system flow rate, hold tube internal diameter

What are some viruses that cause foodborne human illness?

hepatitis, rotavirus, norovirus virus

Ingestion of gradients and other insects as may cause a reaction in people allergic to which common?

shellfish crustaceans

What common farm animal is decendant of callus gallus?

Chicken

What time and temperature combo for food service operators to safely cool cooked foods?

7°C in 2 hours, 41°C in 4 hours

What is characterized by extensive fat infiltration into muscle fibers, often caused by denervation of muscles?

Steatosis

What common paste is made from the seeds of the Arachis hypogaea, a legume, after they are roasted?

Peanut butter

What is the first type of descriptive analysis test used in food sensory science?

Flavor profiling

Nitrites in meat products may form what carcinogenic compounds?

Nitrosamines

What are the 4 basic chemical classes of certified dyes?

azo, anthraquinone, carbonyl, phthalocyanine

Name 5 ways to lower the water activity of a food.

Dehydrate, add sugar, add salt, freeze, drying, combination of any of these methods

In 2018, what was the launch date for the release of Starbuck’s seasonal Pumpkin Spice latte?

Aug 28

What is reverse osmosis filtration?

only water can pass through the membrane, filters out un-disassociated acids and monovalent species, pressure is 200-300psig

How are two piece jar lids made?

draw and redraw

Which bacteria must be tested for under the final rule for pathogen reduction and HACCP? And which bacteria should meet performance standards?

generic E. coli, Salmonella

When material naturally absorbs water?

Hygroscopy

Products of corn wet milling:

protein, starch , oil and fiber

What is the most common source of foodborne illness in Japan?

vibrio from seafood.

What is the IFT Council?

An IFT governance body composed of representatives from Sections and Divisions which serves as the grass roots forum and approves constitution and bylaw revisions

Define the percent overrun in ice cream.

the volume of frozen, finished ice cream in excess of the volume of the liquid mix.

What common component of oranges is missing from navel oranges?

Seeds

The protein efficiency ratio (PER) is the ratio of weight gained by rats fed test protein to those fed what protein?

Casein

What pigment imparts green color to lettuce and peas?

Chlorophyll

What main compound is responsible for the smell of lavender?

linalool or linalyl acetate

In an egg yolk, what is the phospholipid that acts as an emulsifier?

Lecithin

The molecular structure which makes emulsifying agents effective is _____

contain both a lipophilic part and a hydrophilic part

How much sucrose and lactose are in condensed milk?

42% sucrose and 12% lactose

Name five different animal shapes that can be found in a Barnum's Animals Animal Crackers box.

The current crackers are bear, bison, camel, cougar, elephant giraffe, gorilla, hippo, hyena, kangaroo, lion, monkey, rhino, seal, sheep, tiger and zebra. To celebrate its 100th anniversary, Barnum’s added the koala to the menagerie in September 2002.

Water soluble pigments occurring in fruits and vegetables whose hue depends on pH are called?

anthocyanins

Silver nitrate is used as a titrant in food analysis to determine what food component?

Salt (sodium chloride). The silver reacts with the chloride to precipitate silver chloride in the mohr titration

Identify the name of this sensory test: each subject is presented with two samples, and are asked whether the samples are the same or different.

Same/difference of simple difference tests, may also be paired comparison (lacks predictable null hypothesis)

Name 3 of the top 5 raspberry producing countries.

Russia, Poland, United States, Serbia, Mexico

What is the name of the Vitamin B1?

Thiamine

What is the range of BCU used in baking applications?

The BCU range will be from 0.00 (darkest) – 5.25 (lightest) BCU.

Name two journals published by IFT and how often they are published.

food technology- monthly, and journal of food science - bimonthly

In Southeast Asia a type of echinoderm is in danger of being overharvested as it is considered a delicacy. What is the name of this echinoderm?

Sea cucumber

How many flavors of fruit loops come in a typical box?

One

Roux is used for?

thickening of sauces

What experimental design should be used in consumer testing when there are too many samples to serve to each panelist? A. completely randomized design, B. randomized block design, C. balanced and complete block design, D. factorial design

C. balanced and complete block design

In 1994, Title 21 section 104.20a of CFR was amended by FDA, commonly referred to as jellybean rule. How does it affect food companies?

It prevents companies from fortifying junk or snack food and marketing it as healthy.

Media and what they are used for: MYP, BHI, XLD

MYP (mannitol egg yolk polymyxin): bacillus cereus BHI (Brain heart infusion): listeria XLD (xylose lisine deoxycholate): salmonella

How does ionic polarization contribute to heating?

ions in solution move in response to applied electric field component of the microwave, and the collisions with other molecules convert kinetic energy into heat

What is the d value?

the decimal reduction time or the time required to destroy 90% of microorganisms

What elements does glutathione transferase require?

selenium

What inorganic compound, found in red meat, is needed for hemoglobin production?

Iron

86 Used to describe an item that is no longer available. What number is used when an item becomes available again

Answer: 68

Name 3 uses for corn syrup solids and/or maltodextrin?

bulking agents, flow aids, flavor carriers, and encapsulation

What are the four primary classes of plant pigments and give a food example for each class?

Anthocynain – grapes, berries, Caratonids – carrots, tomatoes, Chlorophyll – anything green, beta lymphs – beets

Which vitamin contains cobalt?

vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin

What are the top 4 catfish producing states in the U.S.?

Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansa

What is the building block structural component of carotenoids called?

Isoprene or isoprenoid units

In August of 2020, there was a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella enterititis in which fruit?

peaches

What is the name of the muscle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose - 1 - p from glycogen?

phosphorylase

To be called Cheddar Cheese, the product must contain at least what % of milk fat?

50% by weight of the solids

What causes the haze defect in iced tea?

Polyphenols tend to interact with proteins, caffeine, and metal cations to form colloidal suspensions of haze and ‘tea cream’, which are detrimental to product appearance and taste.4 While haze formation can affect color and impair aesthetic appeal, it can also diminish both the shelf-life and the health-promoting properties of the tea.

Ingestion of crickets may cause which type of allergen reaction?

shell fish crustaceans

In a closed vessel, what happens to the density of gas when the temperature changes?

The density of gas stays the same

What is PCR? Why is it used?

It is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and used to "amplify" - copy - small segments of DNA.

What are 5 types of IFT memberships?

student, emeritus, premier, premier young professional, networking and engagement

Name 3 components that effect water activity in a food product.

Solute concentration, moisture concentration, temperature

Which country produces over 70% of the world's maple syrup?

Canada

What is the conversion of protein to glucose called?

Gluconeogenesis

Ingredient labels have a recommended level for added sugar consumption, what is it?

10% of total calorie

Define Lactic acid bacteria.

gram-positive microorganisms known as the main safe industrial-scale producers of lactic acid (LA)

The enumeration technique for microorganisms which uses 3 sets of tubes with, 3, 5, or 10 tubes per set is called what?

most probable number

Which fruits and veggies contain lycopene?

Watermelon, tomatoes, mangoes, red cabbage, pink grapefruit, Papaya, Guava

What microbe is used to make vinegar?

Acetobacteria

What award is IFT's highest honor?

Nicolas Appert Award

What is the name for the Maillard reaction intermediate containing an C=N bond between a sugar and an amine?

Schiff Base or glycosylamine

Which common food borne bacterial pathogen is microaerophilic and requires temperatures above 32 degrees C for growth?

Campylobacter jejuni

Which compounds found in grapefruit act to inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzyme and cause potentially dangerous drug interactions?

Furanocoumarins interfere with blood settings so they can be dangerous.

Name in microbial reduction process for spices and seasonings.

Answer: irradiation

Who is the current president of IFT?

Michele Perchonok

The International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians (IAMFES) have recently undergone a name change. What is the new name for this organization?

International Association for Food Protection (IAFP)

The small deposits of fat within meat muscle generally characteristic of higher grades of meat is known by what name?

Marbling

Which of the following bacteria has been used to transfer DNA to food crops? A. rhizobalin boloni B. Pseudomonas cotita, C. lactobacillus planatarum, D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

D. agrobacterium tumefaciens

Name one drink that is named for the wormwood plant?

Vermouth and absinthe

In what year was the blue M&M introduced?

1995

At what temp does a solution of 20% amylose and 80% water boil?

100 C

Name the main microorganism used in malolactic fermentation.

Oenococcus oeni

Integration of lethality will determine which value?

F- value

According to FAO, what is the % of fat in yak's milk?

4-5.9%

The unit used to measure an absorbed dozes of ionizing radiation is the “RAD”. What does “RAD” stand for?

radiation absorbing dose

What are the seven certified food color and their names?

Blue 1: Brilliant Blue Blue 2: Indigotine Green 3: Fast green Red 3: Erythrosine Red 40: Allura red Yellow 5: Tartrazine Yellow 6: Sunset yellow

Define the Biot number.

dimensionless quantity used for heat transfer calculations. The ratio of the heat transfer resistance inside of and at the surface of the body.

What gas is produced by ripening fruit that also causes bitterness in carrots?

ethylene

What is the role of salt in surimi production?

salt solubilizes myofibrillar proteins

Name 5 chelating agents used in the food industry.

EDTA, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, adenosine triphosphate, pyrophosphate, porphyrins, and proteins

What are some of the benefits of a thermistor?

they are preferable in simple applications due to their low cost and simple electronic circuitry, also they can be produced in very small designs with a fast response and low thermal mass

Nonthermal process which is called as purple blow torch, inactivates 99% of norovirus on fruit surface?

Cold plasma

What is the D value of a microorganism that is decreased in population by a factor of 10 in 2 minutes?

Two

MC: Which sugar has the highest sweetness? a. lactose b. sucrose c. fructose d. maltose

c. fructose

Which of the following has the highest mercury level? Shark, tilapia, salmon

Shark

Which company had a long running slogan of '57 varieties'?

Heinz

Name 3 anti caking agents.

Ca Al silicate, Tri Ca phosphate, Ca silicate, Cellulose, Silicon dioxide, etc.

In milk, what does lactose react with to cause maillard browning?

Lactose reacts with the free amino acid side chain of milk protein (Mainly e-amino group of lysine residue)

Which thermoduric, acidophilic, spore forming bacterial species is an emerging spoilage issue for juice and beverage processors?

Alicyclobacillus

Lysine is produced by which genus of bacteria?

Brevibacterium

Name three drying methods used.

spray drying, freeze drying, bed, drum, convection, sunlight, dehydration

What is the amount of antibiotics allowed in milk?

zero

What causes trichinosis?

It is a type of roundworm infection is acquired by eating Trichinella species larvae in raw or undercooked meat

What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?

Scrapie

In packaging what does WVTR stand for?

Water vapor transmission rate

Which of the statements about dietary fast is NOT true? A. consumption of fat should be <30% of daily calories. B. the healthiest diet contains no meat. C. moderate amounts of fat are essential for fat-soluble vitamin absorption or D. Fat adds flavor

B. Healthiest diet contains no meat.

Dr Pepper boasts that their characteristic flavor is made up of how many individual flavors?

Cherokee Purple, Brandywine, Ferris Wheel, Lucky Cross and Rosella purple are all types of which fruit or vegetable?

tomatoes (they are all heirloom varieties)

Given type of heat exchange, say whether there is aroma retention or not: steam injection/infusion, plate heat exchanger, tubular heat exchanger, scraped surface heat exchanger

all yes (retain aroma) except steam injection/infusion

Saanen, Alpine, Nigerian Dwarf and Fainting are all breeds of what?

Goat

What is the difference between traditional thermal processing and aseptic processing?

traditional: food is packaged then sterilized, ex canning. aseptic: food is sterilized and packaged in a sterile container and is only practical for liquid or fluid products

Enhancement or suppression involves the interaction of stimuli presented simultaneously as mixtures. Define Synergy in this context.

The effect of the presence of one substance increasing the perceived combined intensity of two substances, such that the perceived intensity of the mixture is greater than the sum of the intensities of the components

What is the sensory effect that results from the interaction of calcium and pectin

Texture (firming)

One ton of grapes create how many cases of wine?

What is the subunit of pectin?

D-galacturonic acid

What is the term that refers to a person’s inability to taste?

ageusia

When viewed under a microscope after gram staining, gram negative bacteria appear what color?

Red

The extraction technique used by the meat industry to remove fats from most by-products that have no better market potential is called what?

rendering

What genus and species is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?

Penicillium roqueforti

Name the 5 vitamins added to enriched grain products.

iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and folate

Name the compound responsible for pungency in mustard, horse radish, wasabi, radish.

Alloisothiocynate

What is the process of staling of bread?

Retrogradation

Do resistance thermometers or thermocouples have a higher upper limit temperature?

thermocouple

Which of the following does not have an official regulatory definition under FDA regulations?Dietary supplement, food, functional food, all of the above

functional food

What is the color of carmine cochneal extract?

Red

Name 5 of 12 approved GMOs in the USA:

salmon, alfalfa, soybean, corn, sugar beet, apple, potato, tomatoes, squash

Per Codex in order for a food to be called semi bitter chocolate, what percentage of its weight must be made up of chocolate solids

a. 15% b. 30% c. 45% d. 70%

Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wine styles require botrytis during growing or processing?

Sauternes and Tokaji

Where did Kvass originate?

Russia

Iron can be found in 2 different forms in food. What are these 2 forms and what types of foods are they found in?

Heme – animals Non-heme - plants

Name a fermented milk that contains alcohol.

Kefir or koumiss

Which extra component makes a martini a dirty martini?

Olive brine

What does FALCPA stand for and what does it require of the food industry?

Food industry must:list major food allergens on food labels, either in the ingredient statement or as contains _________;FDA must:report back to congress on progress within 18 months; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention; Develop a final rule within 4 years allowing the use of "gluten free" on food labels; increase inspection with regard to allergen prevention

Kopi Luwa is the world’s most expensive coffee. What is the cost of 1 lb of this coffee?

$700 per pound (USD)

What substance is formed when collagen is heated in the presence in water?

gelatin

The ester of which 2 compounds compose chlorogenic acid?

quinic acid and caffeic acid

Onion is the Latin term for what?

Large pearl

Categorize the following pigments in water or fat soluble and plant or animal source based: Carotenoid, myoglobin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, melanin

Carotenoid: Fat, plant Myoglobin: Water, Animal Anthocyanin: water, Plant Chlorophyll: Fat, Plant Melanin: Water, plant & animal

How does ultraviolet light affect fat oxidation?

Accelerates

What is the major nutraceutical compound found in red wine and grape skins?

reservatrol

The R-index is a sensory difference test which is based upon what theory?

signal detection theory

Name all essential amino acids for adults.

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, threonine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan

What is Raoult’s law?

vapor pressure of a solution = vapor pressure of the solvent x mole of solvent fraction

What is a commercial undercounter refrigerator known as?

A lowboy or a bar refrigerator

What vitamin deficiencies caused the following deficiencies scurvy, Berry, Berry and pellagra?

Answer: Scurvy: Vitamin c, Berry Berry: Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Pellagra : niacin (vitamin B3)

Excessive amounts of nitrite in meat cures may result in a green pigment. What is this often referred to as?

nitrite burn

What is the ultimate source of energy for muscle contraction?

ATP

Name the nutritional disorder and the nutritional deficiency characterized by four "D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

Pellagra, niacin deficiency

What is the slogan of IFT?

Feeding the minds that feed the world

Rank the following beers from lightest color to darkest color as described by the European Brewery Convention or EBC. Dunkel, Porter, Pilsener, India Pale Ale, Stout and Saison

Pilsener, India Pale Ale, Saison, Dunkel, Porter, Stout

What is another name for levulose?

Fructose

What is a catalase?

An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water plus oxygen.

What does GMP stand for?

Good manufacturing practices

Nutmeg is indigenous to which island country?

Indonesia

What happens to the cartilaginous ends of vertebrae as animals age?

Ossification; They ossify

What two organisms are involved in vinegar production and in what order?

s. cerevisiae and acetobacter

Classify the following baking powders as fast or slow acting:

Tartrates: F; Na Al Phosphate: S; Na acid pyrophosphate: S;

Food radiation is capable of destroying all the following in foods except, A. microrganisms, B. bacteria, C. viruses, D. insects, E. prion

Prion

Who created the first successful formula for commercial bubble gum, called Dubble Bubble, in 1928?

Walter Diemer

What are the real names of the Pillsbury Dough Boy and his family members?

The dough boy: Poppin' fresh; Poppie Fresh, was released, followed by Granmommer and Granpopper, Uncle Rollie, a son (Popper), daughter (Bun-Bun) and Flapjack and Biscuit (the Fresh family’s dog and cat) in the years that followed.

Which muscle type is multinucleated?

skeletal

Name 5 non-caloric sweeteners with the chemical name and common name.

cyclamate = Sucaryl Saccharin – Sweet n Low, E954 Acesulfame-Potassium = Ace-K, E950, Sunett, Sweet One Aspartame = Nutrasweet, Equal Sucralose = Splenda Rebaudioside A = Stevias, Reb-A, Pure Via, Truvia Monkfruit sweetener (mogrosides) = Nectresse

What European nation consumes more spicy Mexican food than any other country?

Norway

What are psychrotrophs?

Psychrotrophs are cold-tolerant bacteria or archaea that have the ability to grow at low temperatures, but have optimal and maximal growth temperatures above 15 and 20°C, respectively.

Name the fatty acid that contains 18 carbons and three double bonds?

Linolenic acid

What component of carbonated beverages is responsible for the "sparkle" and "zest" (or the bubbles)?

Carbon dioxide gas

What color are anthocyanins at acidic pH?

Acidic = red

What does AFC stand for in a 2AFC or 3AFC sensory test?

alternative force choice

How does altitude affect boiling point?

the air pressure decreases so the boiling point lowers.

In proton NMR, what compound is used as the zero-point reference?

TMS: Tetramethylsilane

Sneeze guards are placed on salad bars to protect food from which of the following; campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, salmonella, staphylococcus aureus?

Staph aureus

Why is listeria monocytogenes of greater concern in refrigerated foods than in foods stored at ambient temperatures?

listeria monocytogenes is a psychrotroph that selectively grows at low temperatures

The milling of rice involves a process called what?

polishing

How many carbons are in lactose?

What compound is responsible for the fishy smell?

TMA/ trimethyl amine

At what temperature does water have its maximum density?

3.92 or 4°C

The interaction of glutenin and gliadin forms a class of proteins called

gluten

In addition to protein, casein micelles contain 6-8%: A) lactose B) calcium phosphate C) lactoglobulin

B) calcium phosphate

What compound is produced by lactobacillus San Francisco (Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis) that is important to making sourdough bread?

lactic acid

What compound(s) most aptly describes the aroma of durian fruit?

ethyl-2-methylbutanoate and 1-(ethylsulfanyl)ethane-1-thiol), (ester and volatile thiol is also acceptable)

A high intake of which vitamin can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Folate

Who is the author of "The Jungle?"

Upton Sinclair

What is the state fruit of Texas?

Texas Red Grapefruit

FAO Mg supplement should have what % of RDA minimum?

0.15

What carbohydrate is only naturally produced in milk?

Lactose

9 major allergenes that must be declared in US.

Dairy Egg Soy Wheat Peanuts Treenuts Fish Shellfish Sesame

What is the term for adding a layer of fat outside of meat?

Barding

Which amino acids absorb light under UV range?

phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (all with aromatic groups)

In whiskey making, wetting the barley grains to stimulate germination is called:

Malting

What are the scientific name for ale and lager yeasts?

ale: saccharomyces cerevisiae lager: saccharomyces pastorianus(formerly saccharomyces carlsbergensis)

Why do carrots not lose their orange color during cooking?

carotenoids are heat stable and fat soluble

Name 3 blotting techniques.

southern - DNA; Northern - RNA; Western - protein

What continent does Macadamian nuts originate?

Australia

Muscle proteins are degraded during aging by what enzymes?

Calpains

What sweeteners are used in Coke Zero?

Asparatame and acesulfame potassium

What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?

NAD, NADP

What respiratory condition might cause someone to be allergic to cysteine?

asthmatics

What spoilage organisms are most likely to be found vacuum packed, refrigerated meats held for several weeks?

clostridium perfringens

Out of these materials, which has the lowest oxygen transmission rate: a. LDPE b. HDPE c. PET d. PVC

PET.

What pepper is named as the "state native pepper" of Texas and is sometimes called Indian pepper, turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers?

chiltepin, chiltepe, or chile tepin

Paper can be aligned in two different ways when fed into forming machines, what are the two ways?

machine direction and the cross direction.

What was the real name of Chef Boy-ar-dee?

Ettore “Hector” Boiardi

How many significant figures are in the number 0.000401?

What is the term used to describe the ratio of the viscous portion to the elastic portion?

Tan delta or loss factor

SDS-PAGE stands for?

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Which alkaloid compound is an anti-malarial agent and is the standard for bitter taste sensation?

Quinine

Aspartame contains which 2 amino acids?

Phenylalanine and aspartic acid

What are the ingredients needed to make sweet pickles?

cucumbers, salt, vinegar, and sugar

What is the indicator organism used for thermal processing?

Bacillus stearothermophilus

In 2008, Ajinomoto announced a new non-caloric artificial sweetener derived from Aspartame, about 20,000 times sweeter than sucrose and 110 times sweeter than aspartame. Name the sweetener.

Advantame

Why can birds eat chili peppers and not be bothered?

They can’t taste capsaicin

What fruit ripens from the inside out?

Pear

What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?

Heme

What 5 nutrients must by law be included in enriched bread?

thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, iron, folic acid

What is the name of the heat resistant enzyme in Thermos aquaticus used for modern PCR?

TAG DNA polymerase

What is the term used for the weight animals lose while being hauled and held off feed before slaughter?

shrink (drift)

FDA has recently approved a Western Center for Food Safety. At which University is this center located?

University of California - Davis

What is the primary difference between fruit jelly and fruit jam?

Jelly is made using fruit juice, while jam is made using whole fruits that have been smashed or crushed.

What was margarine called when it was first marketed in England?

Butterine

Name 6 food products that use freeze concentration.

coffee, citrus, juices, beer, wine, vinegar, dairy products, meat/fish extracts

Which red meat animal species has the lowest average dressing percent?

Sheep

What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?

Calorie

What is LD50?

The amount of an ingested substance that will kill 50% of a test sample. Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight.

What is the term that describes polymeric crosslinking that entraps the solvents between junction zones?

Gelation

What day in August is National Rice Pudding Day?

August 9th

What is the frequency range for infrared radiation?

430 THz down to 300 GHz

Using the USDA approved calculation; determine the percent of added water in a cooked sausage having a proximate composition of 64% moisture, 22% protein, and 19% fat?

20% added water, {64 – 4(11)} * 100 = 20

Give 2 ways to block production or reception of ethylene post harvest.

There are several anti-ethylene chemicals. Silver thiosulfate (STS) is used on flowers. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, trade name ReTain) blocks ethylene synthesis. It is applied preharvest. The fruit (plant) will not produce much ethylene, so there is not an ethylene response. The ethylene blocker 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, trade name EthylBloc) blocks ethylene by binding to its receptor. It is applied postharvest. The fruit (plant) may still produce some ethylene, but there is no response to the ethylene.

List the following grains from high to low based on their glycemic index. Rye, barley, wheat, white rice and quinoa

White rice – 66 Quinoa - 53 Buckwheat – 49 Rye – 41 Barley – 25

Why are phytates considered to be anti-nutritional?

phytates bind/complex with metal ions and make the metals less bioavailable, most commonly with divalent ions (Ca, Fe, etc)

What is the protein source in TVP (textured vegetable protein)?

Soy

Which of the following has the greatest market share of food packaging? A. flexible packaging, b. glass, c. other metals or d. paper & board

D. Paper and board

What is the minimum proof of rum?

How much energy to you get from a gram of carbohydrates?

4 kilocalories

Name 3 specific enzymes that act on pectic substances.

pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase

What is miso?

fermented soybean paste

What are some of the advantages of a tubular heat exchanger?

few gaskets, low maintenance costs, compact units, no moving parts

Dielectric heating is also called what, and why?

volumetric heating, and because heat is generated throughout the food volume

Put these nuts in order from least fat content to greatest based on a 1 ounce serving. Pine nuts, cashews, macadamia, chestnuts, almonds

Chestnuts, cashews, almonds, pine nuts, macadamia

Which of the following is not found on pyschrometric chart: Enthalpy, abs humidity, wet bulb temp, thermal conductivity

thermal conductivity

What is the cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?

25%

Describe the meaning of 150-grade pectin.

A 150 grade pectin is one that will form a satisfactory gel at a ratio of 1 kg (or unit) pectin to 150 kg (or unit) sugar.

How old is IFT?

As of 2018 IFT is 79 years old

The packaging material used to make plastic soft drink bottles?

PET (polyethylene terephthalate)

Another name for thermal resistance constant is

z-value

What is the term for determining the magnitude of reflection, refraction, and transmission of microwave radiation?

Fresnel equations

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

anabolism = synthesis; catabolism = breakdown

Why are chelating agents used in dairy products?

de-aggregate casein complexes

In anaerobically stored fresh meat, what is the major type of spoilage organism?

Lactic acid bacteria

The pigment found in some plants which is characterized by the ligand structure known as a porphyrin with magnesium at the center is

Chlorophyll

What is the Codex Alimentarious Commission?

a group of 144 countries that develop standards for food commodities internationally

In the Chinese melamine incident, what protein apporximation method was used that couldn't differentiate between protein and melamine?

The Kjeldahl method

What is the compound responsible for the pink color of cured meats?

nitrosomyoglobin

Name the sulfur containing essential amino acids.

methionine

What are 5 factors that will influence dehydration?

temperature, dryness, air volume, particle size, type of food or load

What red meat has been marketed as "the other white meat"?

Pork

In which country was margarine invented?

France

Chlorophyll would be an initiator of what type of oxidation pathway? Enzymatic, photosynthesized, autoxidation, hydrolytic

Photosynthesized

The muscle that makes up most of our meat is best classified as which of the following: A) Involuntary, smooth B) Voluntary, cross-striated C) Double obliquely striated

B) Voluntary, cross-striated

In US Standrd of butter nad margarine, what is min fat content

80% for both

In indirect heating, what is heat regeneration?

using sterilized product to heat sterilized product and thereby cooling the sterilized product

What does FIFO stand for and why it is used?

First in First out, to ensure product turnover

What is a technique used to inject pickle simultaneously and automatically through a series of hollow needles, the shafts of which have numerous, evenly spaced holes along their lengths?

multiple injection pumping (stitch)

What type of pump is preferable and why in an aseptic processing system and?

PD pump (positive displacement pump), it is less sensitive to pressure drop than centrifugal pumps

What are the coenzyme forms of niacin?

NAD, NADP

Name the common method used to detoxify aflatoxin in corn.

treatment with ammonia

What pigment reaction causes the greenish sheen during spoilage of cured meat products?

Myoglobin or oxymyoglobin are subjected to reducing reactions from bacteria, acerbate or other reducing agents.

Name 3 advantages of microwave heating.

reduced process time, higher food quality, better appearance/flavor/taste, convenient, easy clean-up, decreased cost of electricity, increased retention of vitamins and minerals

Where does isoamylase attack on amylopectin?

breaks the alpha 1, 6 bond between two glucose molecules

Which of the following is a non-reducing sugar? A. Lactose, B. glucose, C. sucrose, D. maltose

Sucrose

Name five antioxidant assays.

ORAC, CUPRAC, beta carotene, TIAC, FRAP, PRSC

What is the concentration of casein in human milk compared to cow milk?

Lower concentration

In the Middle Ages this spice was used to pay rent and taxes.

Black pepper

Which unit of electricity measures the number of electrons moving through a wire?

Ampere

How many different amino acids are there?

Another name for decimal reduction time is?

D-value

Name five yeast fermented food products.

beer, wine, bread, distilled spirits, kefir, kombucha, root beer

Thermistors are NTC sensors. What does NTC stand for?

negative temperature coefficient

Early colonial New England’s largest and most profitable industry was distilling what product?

Rum

Give 3 ways to produce ethylene gas.

There are three main ways to produce ethylene: 1) gas from a cylinder, 2) catalytic generator, and 3) ethephon

Named after the Italian physician & physicist Luigi Galvani, name the instrument used to measure electric current.

Galvanometer (Ammeter also acceptable)

What part of the banana is used to make banana oil?

no part - Banana oil is a synthetic compound made with amyl alcohol

Mofongo', a common dish in Dominican restaurants and kitchens, actually originated in which country?

Puerto Rico

The HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe effectiveness of what?

emulsifying agents

True or false: Dark meats tend to have a higher fat content than white meats.

True

What chemical compound is determined as an indicator of maillard browning?

hydroxymethylfurfural

What is the D value?

Time in minutes, at specified temperature to destroy 90% or 1 log reduction of the microorganisms in a population.

What are some advantages of indirect heating?

easier to control food temperatures, process viscous products without causing food to burn, conserves energy by heat regeneration

Who is the president of the Washington DC IFT?

Sarah Levy

What are the 2 main components of Vit C?

Ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid

The standard of identity for Cheddar cheese allows what to be used as colorant?

Annato

Give 3 types of natural and 3 synthetic surfactants in foods.

natural - saponins, lecithin, lipoproteins, gums; synthetic - mono and diglycerides, sorbitan monostearate (SPANs) and polysorbates (TWEENs)

What is the initiation step in crystal formation?

Nucleation

Brazil Nuts are rich in what mineral?

Selenium

Wheat that is sown or planted in late autumn is called?

Winter wheat

Name 5 of the 7 vegetables from the brassica group of cruciferous family.

Kale, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts

What is the most commercially significant form of uncooked ham sold in the United States?

country hams (or country shoulder)

When was the Bureau of Chemistry, later the FDA, founded?

1906

What are the harmful compounds formed during hydrogenation of fatty acids

trans fatty acids

Which of the following is not considered an offal? a. Trotters b. Lights c. Tripe d. Rounds

d. Rounds Trotters: hooves, Lights: lungs, tripe: stomach lining, Rounds: rear leg cut

At which frequency, 915 or 2450 MHz will the penetration depth be larger?

915 MHz

What elements does glutathione transferase require?

selenium

In which dairy product is acetaldehyde a problem or defect

Yogurt

What is the sweetest occurring substance known to man?

guanidine (discovered in 2016) however thaumatin is also acceptable as this is what is in the Guinness book of world records.

What is another name for industrial evaporation?

boiling

What is the hormone released by cows that allow milk to be released?

Oxytocin

Which unit of electricity measures the number of electrons moving through a wire?

Ampere

Claviceps purpurea causes what type of food poisoning?

ergot

The deficiency of what mineral results in a goiter?

Iodine

Which artery is used when a ham is artery pumped?

Femoral

Name extrinsic factor in foods which affect microbial growth.

Environmental conditions where the food is stored

What equipment is preferable to sterilize canned soups?

rotary retort

Products of starch hydrolysis having little to no sweetness (D.E. value <20), and commonly used as cryoprotectants and fat replacers are known as: ___________?

maltodextrins

Peptide bond formation results in the formation of what secondary compound?

Water

What are the 3 major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?

growth, maturation, and senescence

If you take 20 mL of a 0.1M NaOH salutation to titrate 40 mL of an HCL solution to the phenolphthalein end point. What is the molarity of the HCL solution?

0.05M HCL

Which young french wine is released annually on the 3rd Thursday in Nov?

Beaujolais nouveau

Where did the kiwi fruit originate?

China

Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body? A. Biceps brachii B. Triceps brachii C. Gluteus maximus D. Rectus abdominis

C. Gluteus maximus

Name top 3 cheese producing countries.

US, Germany, France

What is the term for farming and grazing practices that, among other benefits, reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic matter and restoring degraded soil biodiversity resulting in carbon drawdown and improving the water cycle?

Regenerative Agriculture

What is the difference between a category scale and a ratio scale?

Category scale is made up of equal intervals, Ratio scale has the judge express ratios of intensities (sample compared to reference)

Which Mass spec technique relied on large protein fingerprint for bacteria?

MALDITOF MS

Which US state, the leading producer of potatoes, celebrates Spud Day every year?

Idaho

Briefly describe the still retort process

cans are loaded into the vessel, steam is injected into the vessel, fan circulates steam for uniformity, vent valve (cold air goes out), temperature and pressure increase to desired temp then vent valve closes, temperature is maintained for desired time (processing time), then precooling begins where the pressure is maintained while slowly cooling the cans, circulating pump with cold water moves into the vessel and gradually decreases the temperature, the drain opens to drain water, and once the cans are cooled and the pressure decreases, the cans can be removed

What type of botulism is mainly involved in seafood?

type e

With regard to protein gelation, define thermally irreversible gel and thermally reversible gel. Give the predominant type of inter protein bonding and an example of food gels in each classification

A thermally reversible gel forms upon cooling after heating; hydrogen bonding is primary; gelatin is an example. A thermally irreversible gel forms during heating; covalent (disulfides) is primary bonding; examples include egg white, whey protein, soy protein, etc.

What is the most widely grown red wine grape variety in the world?

Grenache

Which act requires inspection of all meat if it is moved within or between states?

wholesome meat act of 1967

In the 1920s, which company developed the method for the use of refrigeration to reduce the temperature of the food below the point of ice crystallization?

Birdseye

What is the log of 1?

True or false: An oil in water emulsion is best achieved with an emulsifier having a low HLB value.

False. those are for w/o emulsions

What is the nutritional claim on a bottle of regular Coca-Cola?

very low sodium 35 mg or less per 240mL

Which of the following are emulsifying salts for use in the processing cheese? A - sodium tartrate, B - sodium chloride, C - Potassium chloride, D - all of the above

a. sodium tartrate

While dough is being mixed, yeast produces which two compounds by anaerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

What is hydrogen swell?

when a high acid food attacks the metal lining of the can, releasing hydrogen gas

What is the fungus used to ripen Brie?

Penicillium camemberti or geotricum candida

What is the full name of MRS agar used for lactobacilli cultures?

De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar

What are the 3 basic meat curing ingredients?

salt, sugar, and nitrite (or nitrate)

What is the pigment form that gives cured meat its typical pink color?

nitrosylhemochrome

Which food has the highest fiber content? Five prunes, ½ cup cooked lentils, 2 cups iceberg lettuce, or ¾ cup bran flakes

1/2 cup cooked lentils

Our bodies are composed of the following nutrients put them in order of least concentrated to most concentrated carbohydrates, vitamins, protein, water, minerals and fat.

vitamin, carbohydrates, minerals, protein, fat, water

Who was the 1st athelte to appear on a box of Wheaties?

Lew Gehrig

How is fungi differentiated from algae and other higher plants?

It lacks chlorophyll

What is the difference between plate heat exchanger and tubular heat exchanger in regards to the heating/cooling medium flow?

plate heat exchangers have concurrent flow while the tubular heat exchanger have countercurrent flow

What is the limiting amino acid of most cereal grains?

lysine

The Howard Mold Count was developed as a method of monitoring the quality of what type of food products?

Tomato products

In glycolysis how many moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed?

Explain how gamma rays destroy microorganisms.

Gamma rays induce free radical formation, which can interact with DNA and other cellular constituents, which would destroy the organism.

How is banana oil made?

Synthetically using isoamyl acetate

Veal is meat from a calf that is: A. 4 months old or younger, B. fed grain for at least 130 days, C. younger than 1 year or D. 2 years or older?

A. 4 months old or younger

The viscosity of egg white decreases with shearing force. In rheology this is called:

pseudoplastic or shear thinning

What is the equation for the Ideal gas Law?

PV = nRT

What are the usual components of baking powder?

A carbonate (usually sodium bicarbonate) and an acid.

Why are enrichment techniques used when examining food for the presence of salmonella?

salmonella re usually present in small numbers. Enrichment allows salmonella to grow and outcompete non-salmonella microbes and also allows recovery of injured cells

Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.

raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts

What is the name of rotating screw technology?

Extruder

Name 5 microwave applications in food processing.

tempering, heating/reheating, cooking/pre-cooking of meat/poultry, drying/dehydration, baking/cooking, blanching, pasteurization/sterilization

What is the most important characteristic used to determine the maturity of a veal carcass?

lean color

What does the acronym ISO stand for?

ISO means equal under International Organization for Standards

Which of the following is not a major mineral? Ca, Fe, K, S, Na

Sulphur

A muffle furnace is used in which constituent of proximate analysis?

Ash

Which of the following foods should a sulfite-sensitive individual avoid?

wine, frozen hash brown potatoes, fruit cocktail with maraschino cherries, sauerkraut (ALL)

Name names three intrinsic factors and three extrinsic factors that affect microbial growth in food products.

Answer: Intrinsic: water activity, pH, nutrient content; Extrinsic: temperature, storage environment, humidity.

What company produces and markets sterling silver beef and pork and cattleman's selection beef?

Excel (Cargill)

Which food is caramel coloring added to in Southeast Asian cuisine?

soy sauce

Cleave of K-casein by rennet gives which 2 peptides?

para-kappa casein and glycomacropeptide

How can paper be loaded in laminating/packaging machine?

along the grain or perpendicular to the grain

What are the units for absolute humidity?

grams of water vapor per cubic meter volume of air

Genus and Species of the bacteria involved in the Irish Famine.

Phytophthora infestans

Which of the following oils can be used as a lubricant?

rapeseed oil

What is the % sugar w/v of a solution with specific gravity of 1.06 and 15 brix?

15.9% (15*1.06)

What are isotonic solutions?

solutions that have the same osmotic pressure at the same temperature

In cheese production, why is rennet added after the pH has been reduced by the starter cultures?

The enzyme activity of rennet is higher in an acid media

In what year were the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt?

1906

Why is mozzarella cheese "stringy" compared to other cheeses?

Kneading and stretching the curds help to elongate this protein chain, which causes the stringiness of mozzarella.

At what pH can a food be called a low acid food?

a pH greater than 4.6

In cheese production, why is rennet added after pH has been slightly reduced by the starter culture?

the activity of rennets higher in an acid media

Botulinum toxin type H is the deadliest substance in the world, but type A is used for what commercial application?

Botox

What four types of animals are legally called meat?

bovine or cattle, pigs, lambs, goats

Describe tyndallization.

intermittent boiling of spores for 1 hour each for 4 times to kill the spore.

How many seconds should you wash your hands as stated by the CDC?

20 seconds in the US and 15 in Canada

What is the dressing percentage of a steer that had a live weight of 1,250 lb. and a carcass weight of 800 lb.?

62-64%

What are three positive effects of thermal processing on the nutritive value of foods?

inactivation of degradative enzymes (destruction of anti-nutrients) increased bioavailability of nutrients, reduction of microbes

What are the two general types of adulteration of foods?

economic adulteration; addition of foreign material

What does PSE stand for?

Pale, soft, exudative

What amino acids, with an aromatic side chain, have hydrophilic properties?

Tyrosine

What is a food intoxication?

An intoxication results when a person eats food containing toxins that cause illness

What is the "F" value?

Minutes required to destroy a given number of microbes at a given temperature

Describe one way nanoparticles are used in food processing.

nanocapsules to improve the availability of neutraceuticals and/or flavors. Nanotubes and particles as gelation and viscosifying agents Particles that bind and remove chemicals and pathogens

According to the USDA National Organic Standards, ingredients derived by biotechnology or GMOs: a- are not allowed in organic products, b - are only allowed in first generation organic products, c- are allowed in organic products, d - are only allowed if declared and identified as such on the label

Not allowed

What is Swiss-style yogurt?

fruit is pre-mixed into the yogurt

Five different modes of chromatography.

Adsorption; partition; size exclusion/gel permeation/gel filtration; ion exchange; affinity. PAISA.

What level of moisture is desirable in cereal grains for safe long term storage?

10-14%

What is the minimal water activity for most bacteria?

0.90-0.91

What is the difference between accuracy and precision

accuracy is how close the experimental value is to the true value, precision is how close experimental values are to themselves

What color is myoglobin when iron is in the ferrous state and water is bound to the pigment?

Purple

When beta amylase attacks starch what products are formed?

maltose, and limit dextrins

A product may be considered _________ if marketed under the name of a product covered by a standard of identity, if the requirements of the standard are not met.

misbranded

Who is the publisher of food technology?

Institute of food technologists

Give two examples of an emulsifier.

Lecithins, Mono and diglycerides, Monoglyceride derivatives, fatty acid derivatives. Examples include: Soy lecithin, Tween, Potassium stearate

What is the citrus fruit "Pomme" also known as?

Grapefruit

Which fatty acid would be expected to have the highest iodine value: linoleic, oleic, or linolenic?

linolenic (18:3) more unsaturation

Classify these candies as crystalline or non-crystalline: caramel, toffee, rock candy

Crystalline: Rock candy Non-crystalline: Caramel, toffee

What does the iodine value measure?

Unsaturated bonds in fats

In the International Union of Biochemistry system of enzyme nomenclature, the first number identifies what?

General reaction type/class of the enzyme

What is the dielectric constant?

a quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electrical field

What is defined as an amorphous inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled into a rigid condition without crystallizing?

Glass

Name 3 disaccharides found in foods and the monosaccharides that comprise them?

Lactose (glucose and galactose), Sucrose (glucose and fructose); maltose (glucose and glucose)

What are the microbial inhibitors in egg whites and how do they work?

The albumen is beneath the shell membranes and is important in providing three antimicrobial defenses to the egg. The first defense is the viscosity of the albumen components, which provide conditions in which bacteria cannot move easily. The second defense is the alkaline pH of the albumen that initially ranges from 7.6 to 7.8 but quickly increases over a period of a few days due to the loss of carbon dioxide during storage, resulting in a pH of 9.1–9.6. This is a pH range that is not conducive to the growth of most microorganisms. The third defense is the presence of a number of proteins and glycoproteins that possess antimicrobial activity.(See additional info)

What two essential amino acids contain Sulfur?

Cysteine, methionine

Traditionally what day is the wine Beaujolais nouveau available for sale?

the 3rd Thursday of November each year.

This word means "sausage poisoning". It is caused by a powerful toxin that affects the nervous system.

botulism

Name the country where the following companies are headquartered. Nestle, Pepsico, Suntory, Grupo Bimbo, Sekuro

Nestle: Switzerland , PepsiCo: US, Suntory: Japanese multinational brewing and distilling company group, Grupo Bimbo: Mexico, sekuro Incorporated: Canada

Describe stimulus error.

This occurs when panelists notice otherwise irrelevent factors regarding samples or their presentation which modifies their perception.

What are the substrates for soy sauce?

soybean, water, salt, wheat

Chuck comes from which part of beef?

Beef shoulder

What is the name of the alternate liquid crystalline forms of the same fat?

Mesomorphs

In order list the 7 steps of HACCAP.

1. Conduct a hazard analysis, 2. Identify CCP, 3. Set critical limits, 4. Establish monitory procedures, 5. Establish corrective actions, 6. Verification, 7. Establish record keeping

What three terms, respectively, are used to describe the ability of microorganisms to grow at cold, ambient and warm temperatures?

psychotrophic (or psychophilic), mesophilic, thermophilic

Three different prolamins in grains.

Zein in corn, gliadin in wheat, hordein in barley, kafirin in sorghum

What does the “c” stand for in the equation E=mc^2?

the speed of light

Rooibos leaves are used to make what type of tea?

Red tea

How do microbial inhibitors work?

By acting on the whole cell, cell wall, or cell membrane in order to interfere with the genetic mechanism of the cell, interfering with the enzyme systems of the cell, or by binding to essential nutrients to kill the cell or stop reproduction.

Which was the first civilization to make marshmallows?

Ancient Egypt

Hydrolysis of glycerol molecules from the TAG is called?

saponification

What is the name of the process that is used for high-acid foods? The food is held at 170-190 deg for 25-30 minutes.

hot, fill, hold

How many significant figures are in the number 0.000401?

How does ultraviolet light effect fat oxidation?

it speeds it up.

Name the genus and species of bottom fermentation in lager beer.

Sacchromyces pastorianus

Hyperkeratinization, xerosis, bitot's spots, keratomalacia, and hyperkeratosis are symptoms of a deficiency of ________?

vitamin A

What two factors largely determine the degree of thermal processing required?

pH of foods and rate of heat penetration into canned products

What are the names of the connective tissue layers surrounding the whole muscle, muscle bundle, muscle fibers and sarcolemma

endomysium

What is most abundant myofibrillar protein?

myosin

What are the spore-forming foodborne pathogens?

bacteria such as the Bacillus and Clostridium species are able to form spores. These spores, also referred to as endospores, are the dormant form of vegetative bacteria and are highly resistant to physical and chemical influences.

What is the caloric content of alcohol?

7 Cal/g

What is the name for the French dish of thin pancakes?

Crepes

What is the causative organism for flaccid paralysis?

c. botulinum

What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?

retorting

What temperature is milk heated to in HTST?

72 C

Tissues or ingredients that have a binding index lower than 50 are called what?

fillers

Passage of the food drug and cosmetic act of 1938 was motivated by

The tipping point came in 1937, when an untested pharmaceutical killed scores of patients, including many children, as soon as it went on the market.

What is the rendered form of beef and mutton fat called?

tallow

In food what method is used to measure heavy minerals?

atomic adsorption

What are the 2 classes of food colorants?

certified and noncertified

What common component of oranges is missing in navel oranges?

the seeds

Shear stress is linearly proportional to shear strain in which type of fluids?

Newtonian fluid

What is the cholesterol content of peanuts?

Protecting consumers health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade are the goals of what international document?

Codex Alimentarius

Haagen Dazs is : a- the new last name of Sonja haagen after she married frank Dazs, b - a century old Dutch ice cream company that started marketing in the US in 1957, c- the name of an ice cream company originally founded by US entrepreneur Reuben Mattus, who thought up the name while taking a shower, d - an ice cream company founded by pillsbury company

What herb is considered a key component of a traditional American turkey stuffing?

sage

What are some of the disadvantages of using a thermistor?

limited temperature range, low accuracy at higher temperatures, non-linearity at higher temperatures (resistance over temperature decreases exponentially)

What was the live weight of a lamb with a "hide off, head on" carcass weight of 60 lb and a dressing percentage of 50.0?

120

What is the name of the structural carbohydrate found in lobsters and insects?

Chitin

What is the function of erythromycin?

Answer: Antibiotic

What is the equation for conduction and define each term?

Q=KA[ΔT/L] Q=the heat rate K = thermal conductivity L= thickness of the wall A = surface area of the wall ΔT = the difference in temperature between the 2 sides

Name 5 types of wheat that are milled into flour.

Durum wheat, soft wheat, hard wheat, spelt

The third most abundant element in the earth's crust is used to make this packaging material?

Aluminum

What is a measurement based on weight gain of a test subject divided by its intake of a particular food protein during the test period?

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

Which mycotoxin is included in a Hazard Analysis for apple juice or apple cider?

Patulin

What disease is currently devastating the Florida Citrus Industry?

Citrus Greening or HLB

What are the 2 main proteins in gluten?

Glutenin and gliadin

Which airline was the first to have in-flight kitchen in 1937?

United Airlines

What is cooking loss percentage of a roast that had a raw weight of 20 lbs and a cooked weight of 15 lbs?

cooking loss % = (cooked weight/raw weight) = 25 %

What is the predominant acid in wine?

tartaric acid

An enzyme that catalyzes formation of hydroperoxide from fatty acids is what?

lipoxygenase

Who is the current president-elect of IFT?

Michele Perchonok

From a microbial point of view, what is the main purpose of fermentation?

Free up NAD to keep glycolysis running

The modern name “Walnut” comes from the German word Walnuss, What does Walnuss mean?

Foreign nut

In kJ per mol, what is the dissociation energy of the H3O+ ion?

100

In a multiple effect evaporator what term is used to calculate efficiency?

SE (steam economy)

What is the name of the membrane surrounding a muscle fiber?

sarcolemma

Sanitation and inspection recommendations for adoption by state and local regulatory agencies for inspection of food retail and food service facilities are in the ________

FDA Food Code

Name the two methods of making two piece steel cans.

The two methods are draw redraw, and drawn and wall ironed.

Baking powder is a combination of what?

acid and sodium bicarbonate

In canning, what is come-up time?

the time it takes to reach the thermal processing temperature

Name the vitamin associated with: Pellagra, Beriberi, Scurvy, Ricktes

Pellagra: Niacin, Beriberi: Thiamine, Scurvy: Vit C, Rickets: Vit D

Categorize each product as suspensions, foam, or an emulsion; cream, fondant, bread, beer, Italian dressing, crab bisque, milk

Suspension – bisque, fondant Foam – beer, bread Emulsion – Italian dressing, milk

Which tannins can tan? hydrolysable, condensed tannins, phyto, non-condensed

Condensed tannins

The Lohmann reaction is catalyzed by ATP creatine phosphotransferase. Its function is to replenish ______

ATP

What is the titrant used in the Mohr titration for salt determination and what is the end product of the chemical reaction?

Silver nitrate is used as the titrant and the silver reacts with chloride to form a silver chloride precipitate, silver chromate is the end product.

What was the 1st state law against food adulteration and when and where was it enacted?

An act against selling unwholesome provisions Massachusetts 1785

What does ELISA stand for?

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Emulsifying proteins are called what because of their ability to harden during the cooking cycle?

heat-coagulable proteins

Who is the NFPA?

National Food Producers Association

Name one example of each of the following used in food and beverages industry: Fungi Yeast Mold Bacteria Single-cell food

Fungi: Actinomucor, Amylomyces, Mucor, Rhizopus, Monascus, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, Endomyces, Hansenula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Zygosaccharomyces/ Just say mushrooms Yeast: Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces Mold: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Neurospora Bacteria: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, thousands of names Single-cell foods: eggs, microalgae such as spirulina, chlorella

What are the minimum reactant requirements for Maillard browning?

amino-bearing compound (usually a protein) and a reducing sugar water

What is the food colorant added to curacao to make blue curacao?

E133 Brilliant Blue

Who governs meat and poultry labeling?

USDA-FSIS

Stuffing frankfurters too tightly could cause what defect?

ruptured casings

Name the three main components of cereal grains.

endosperm, germ, bran

How many foodborne illness cases every year?

48 million

What two common compounds are used together as an antioxidative systems in foods?

ascorbic acid and citric acid

What is a process where an electric current is passed through the food with the main purpose of heating it?

ohmic heating

Name 2 types of retorts.

still (not agitating, vertical, horizontal, hydrostatic), agitating

Express water activity in terms of equilibrium relative humidity

Aw = ERH/100

What is the major law in the U.S. which controls the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics?

the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act of 1938

What milk product is 42 % sucrose and 12% lactose?

Condensed milk

What syndrome in swine brings an increased susceptibility to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) lean?

Porcine stress syndrome

What is the value for the increase in temperature required to decrease the D value by 10 (or one log cycle reduction)?

z-value

Beef was traditionally suspended using which tendon, which was also a cause of muscle shortening?

Achilles

What family of glycoproteins is the main constituent of muscle connective tissue?

Collagens

In North America, what is the standard size of the pallets used in the Dairy industry?

40"x 40"

What do sec, demi sec and brut describe?

The sweetness of champagne or wine

In the 2024 Academy award nominated movie 'The Holdovers', one of the central characters suffers from Trimethylaminuria, What is the main characteristic, symptom, or effect of Trimethylaminuria condition?

The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.

Which is an mg determinant of cellulose fermentation in gut? a. ratio of cellulose:hemicellulose, b. ratio of lignan:cellulose, c. ratio of cellulose:resistant, d. ratio of mixing on inoculation

b. ratio of lignan:cellulose

Cake Recipe recipes needed to be adjusted for atmospheric pressure changes. Name 4 changes that will prevent problems associated at high altitudes.

less baking powder, increasing flour content, substituting flour for one with higher protein content, decreasing fat, decreasing sugar, adding more eggs, or increasing liquids

In intelligent packaging, what is TTI?

Time temperature indicator

In general, red meat is a good source of what three minerals?

iron, phosphorus, and zinc

In 1998, the FDA prepared a document that lead to the development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). What is the name of this document?

Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables

What are 4 advantages of radiant heat?

non-contact heating, fast response, reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, versatile, simple, compact equipment, and significant energy saving

Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives.

speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation

The portion of the cereal grain that contains starch granules and protein bodies is called

endosperm

What country has the world’s lowest meat consumption per person?

India

What vitamin is produced from cholesterol in the body?

vitamin D

Why is nitrite used in the manufacture of many processed meat items?

it limits or retards lipid oxidation, imparts cur color to products and inhibits growth of C. Botulirum.

What term is given to the organs of the thoracic cavity which include the heart, lungs, and trachea of a sheep?

Pluck

Definition of pH ?

-log[H+]

What are the 2 types of food poisoning possibly received from consuming fish?

ciguatera and scombroid

What are the three main types of meringues and how are they made?

Italian, Swiss and French French is egg whites beaten with sugar. Swiss is egg whites beaten with sugar over heat Italian is a egg white with hot sugar syrup

In which of the following tests do you need a reference comparison: duo-trio, hedonic, paired comparison

duo-trio; paired comparison

Rank the following animals in average milk fat content: cow, sheep, goat, water buffalo, reindeer, camel.

(low to highest) camel, goat, cow, sheep, water buffao, reindeer

Fermented cheese named after cities of origin: Cheedar , applewood, Mozralla, Yarg

Chhedar

Which taste qualities are NOT mediated by G-protein coupled receptors?

Sour, salty

Does the FDA extend the provisions of the delaney clause to pesticide chemicals?

Which compound is the sealing layer in brik package?

What type of temperature sensor is made from certain metal oxides whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature?

thermistor

In sensory analysis, what type of scale is generally used for acceptance testing?

hedonic

What is the difference between Fischer and Haworth projections of carbohydrates?

Fischer projections are straight chains, while Haworth projections are cyclical

What is the bond angle of the H-O-H bond?

105 degrees

There are 2 main differences between scotch and whiskey. What are they?

geography, scotch is made in Scotland, and bourbon in the USA (Kentucky). Scotch is made from malted barley and bourbon from distilled corn.

List the current subparts listed under 21 CFR part 110.5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices

Umbrella GMPs: subpart: A. General provisions B. Building and facilities C. Equipment D. (reserved) E. Production and process controls F. (reserved) G. Defect action levels

How much fat does skim milk have?

0.5% or less

In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?

BlueNalu

What common enzyme can be used to modify lipids from their original triacylglycerol form?

Lipase

Three types of shellfish poisoning:

paralytic, neurotoxic, amnesiac, diarrhetic

What is the irreversible first product produced during Maillard Browning?

Amadori rearrangement product

What is the microbial gum commonly used in salad dressings?

Xanthan gum

What is the major color compound in tomatoes?

Lycopenes

Cow's milk is considered to be an ideal food for human health being rich in vitamins and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus however milk lacks one very important mineral. Which one is that?

iron

What property does Aspergillus glaucus have that allows it to grow on dried fruit?

It is xerophilic, and grows where there is a low availability of water

What is piperine and where is it found?

An alkaloid that is responsible for the strong peppery kick in black and white pepper

What is the lethal rate used to calculate?

converts the thermal death time at temperature T to equivalent thermal death time at a reference temperature in order to destroy the same population of spores

What is the inverse of attenuation factor?

penetration depth

What is the most abundant unit that makes up the structure of pectin?

galacturonic acid

CGMP

Current Good Manufacturing Practice

What vitamin contains cobalt?

Answer: vitamin B 12

Work done between 1895 and 1898 by Underwood and Prescott.

Time-temperature combinations for various canned foods to remove spoilage microorganisms. Thermal processing for canning.

What is the common name for 9,12,cis-cis-octadienoic acid?

Linoleic acid

What is a functional food?

a typical food that has had specific nutrients added to it.

What is the process of adding salt, sugar and sodium nitrate for the purpose of color developments over enhancement preservation and safety?

Curing

Name 3 types of non-thermal pasteurization.

high pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration

Name two refrigerants that are not CFCs.

NH3 and SO2

The two chemical components of a triacylglycerol are what?

glycerol and fatty acids

Grams of sucrose per 100g of sample is the definition of what?

Brix

Extremophilic microbes are found in various environments. Name the extreme conditions associate with each types of microbes: Barophile; Halophile; Thermophile

Barophile: High pressure; Halophile - High Salt content; Thermophile: High heat/temperatures

What nut is traditionally on the Waldorf salad?

Walnut

From inside to outside, list the components of the four layers found in a “tin” can.

Enamel, tin, tin-iron alloy, steel

According to the FAO, a serving a magnesium supplement must contain a minimum of what percentage of the recommended daily intake?

15%.

Glucuronic acid is an example of: fructose metabolite, sugar acid, sugar alcohol, glucose metabolite

Sugar acid

Which protein in milk is not secreted by mammary glands?

Bovine serum albumin

What process is done prior to freezing or dehydration to inactivate enzymes?

blanching, chemical inactivation

Why do apples float when immersed in water?

they are 25% air.

The dispersion of one liquid in another immiscible liquid is called what?

Emulsion

What are the approximate temperatures at which fermentation takes place for ale and lager beers?

ale: 10~23.9 C, lager: 0-12.8 C

Naturally occurring and synthetic agents that are used in food processing for production and stabilization of dispersions are called what?

surface active agents (surfactants)

Where was the "Pina Colada" invented?

San Juan, Puerto Rico

What are the country of origins of the following beers? Sapporo, Heiniken, Molson, Bass

Sapporo – Japan, Heiniken – Netherlands, Molson – Canada, Bass - Germany

The original root used in root beer is no longer used as it is toxic. What is the name of this root?

Sassafras (compound that is toxic is safrole)

What is the purpose of an energy crop?

low-cost, low-maintenance crop used/processed/combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat, etc.

What are the 6 stages of tomato ripening?

green, breakers, turning, pink, light red, red

Fresh lime juice to protein solubility.

increase or decrease solubility

GMP regulated five products

Infant formula, low acid canned foods, drinking water

Falling film is a type of which equipment in food processing?

Evaporators

Name one example of each of the following used in food and beverages industry: Fungi Yeast Mold Bacteria Single-cell food

The following are all types of which fruit? Comiuce, Forelle, seckel, Concorde and red Bartlett?

Pears

Hydrolysis of RNA with 5-phosphodiesterase yields 5-nucleotides that are used in the food industry as ______________________.

flavor enhancers, GMP, IMP

What percent of the O-H bond in a water molecule is ionic character?

0.4

A positive catalase test shows the formation of _______ when hydrogen peroxide is added.

Effervescence due to the in vitro Oxygen production

Name a halophilic food infectious bacteria

Except for V. cholerae and V. mimicus, all Vibrio species are halophilic (salt requiring) Example: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

You have a solution with a concentration of 2 mg/L, please convert this concentration to ug/L, ng/mL, and ug/g

2000 ug/L, 2000 ng/mL and 2 ug/g

How many regional sections are there of IFT?

Thermal treatment of Ginger will give

Shogaol and gingerone

What are the 3 coordinates in the Hunter-Gardner color solid?

L, a, b

This compound is a polymer of glucose. The adult human body usually contains less than a pound. Most of it is found in the liver and muscle.

Glycogen

What is Fiske-Subbarow assay?

measure levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples

Guinness stout beer is a product of this country: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland

Ireland

The Cory cycle transports what compound from muscles to liver?

Lactate (from muscles to liver, converted to glucose and returned to the cells)

What are the two main varieties of oranges grown in Florida for orange juice production?

Valencia and Hamlin

Name one method of cholesterol removal.

Exercise?

Who is the father of puffed cereal?

Alexander Anderson

Name three climacteric and non climacteric fruits.

Climacteric - Apple, peach, avocado, banana, passionfruit, tomato; Nonclimacteric - lemon; orange; pineapple; cherries, grape, strawberries, other citrus

What process is used to set color and inactivate enzymes?

Blanching

What test is used to measure the viability of starter culture during the fermentation of cottage cheese?

Ta, TTA, or titratable acidity

What is the major alkaloid saponin in the Irish potato?

Solanine

What is the spontaneous loss of fluid from a food gel is called?

syneresis

What major breed of dairy cattle has the highest fat % milk?

Jersey

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

wavelength= speed of light / frequency or speed of light = frequency * wavelength

Which of the following flavors can be felt at the tip of the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami?

All of them

Name one of the two hormones known as the hunger hormones.

Leptin, ghrelin

What percentage of US food sales are organic foods?

0.04

What are some disadvantages of a plate heat exchanger?

limited to low viscosity products, re-gasketing costs can be high, fouling tendencies may exist for some products

The preserving activity of vinegar has been known from ancient time. The active component is

Acetic Acid

At what pH does phenolphthalein change color?

pH 8.5

What does the acronym IuFoST stand for?

International Union of Food Science and Technology

For each of the following fatty acids, give an example of a food oil that contains high levels of each fatty acid. Lauric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid.

lauric acid – coconut, pal, kernel Oleic acid – ground nut, rapeseed Linoleic acid – sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, maize Linolenic acid – linseed Erucic acid – rapeseed, mustard seed

Rooibos leaves are used to make what type of tea?

Red tea

How many molecules are in a mole?

6.022 x 10^23

Which microorganism creates a heat stable toxin?

Staphylococcus aureus

Name the 3 positively charged amino acids.

lysine, arginine, and histidine

Give 3 different types of active packaging.

oxygen scavenger, anti-microbial release, ethylene scavenging, vapour removal and temperature history.

Egg yolks are one of the few food that naturally contain which vitamin?

Vit D

What is the name for chopped fresh and/or frozen beef, with or without added beef fat and/or seasonings? Additionally, it does not contain more than 30% fat, and shall not contain added water, binders, or extenders.

hamburger

Which city was the birthplace of kool-aid?

Hastings, Nebraska, Kool-Aid is an American brand of flavored drink mix owned by Kraft Heinz based in Chicago, Illinois.

In kJ per mol, what is the bond dissociation energy of the O-H bond in a water molecule?

What is Pasteur effect?

the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs

In IR heating, what happens to the wavelength as temperature increases?

wavelength gets shorter

There are many styles of canned mushrooms, name four of them.

whole, buttons, sliced whole, random sliced whole, stems & pieces, stems & buttons

In this discrimination test of sensory evaluation panelists must choose whether or not two coded samples are different.

paired comparison

Which form of mercury is associated with sea food toxicity?

Methyl or organic mercury

Match geographic regions to products: Amaranth, guava, Kosha, spelt; South america, central america, central europe, middle east

Central America: Amaranth; South america: Guava; Central Europe: Kosha; Middle east: spelt

Why should you store olive oil in a dark environment?

light oxidation

What is croquembouche?

French Christmas cake, puff pastry that they assemble into a cone or tree shape

What is the food-borne illness associated with “red tide”?

paralytic shellfish poisoning

What mineral is a major challenge in the fortification of many foods and beverages because of its poor taste and large daily value of 3.5 grams per day?

potassium.

Name the toxin present in Tonka beans.

Coumarin (1-3%)

When wine is said to be completely dry it is lacking in what?

Sugar

What are the advantages of non thermal processing over thermal processing?

prevention of thermal off flavors, better flavor, better nutrient retention

Manganese is a trace element that is an essential nutrient for humans. List 5 foods that are good sources of manganese.

raisin bran cereals, brown rice, oatmeal, spinach, pineapple, nuts

The polysaccharides in oats that provide viscosity and filtration problems in the brewing industry are called

beta glucans

What federal agency controls meat processing quality?

USDA

Name food borne pathogen that grows below 10 C.

Listeria Monocytogenes

Enzymes are used extensively by the food industry as processing aids for ingredient production. The enzymes alpha amylase, glucoamylase, and glucose isomerase are used in sequence to produce what food ingredient?

High fructose corn syrup

In red wine, what sensory property is correlated with tannin concentration?

astringency

What does URP stand for?

unique radiolytic product

What stromal protein comprises the Ligamentum nuchae?

Elastin

What is the color associated with fast twitch muscles?

white

What are 3 common can seam defects?

cut over (sharp seam), cut seam (fracture), lip and droop, false seam and spinner (slip, skid, dead head)

Multiple forms of the same enzyme in a given tissue that arise from genetically determined differences in primary amino acid sequences are called what?

Isoenzyme

Which vegetable is known as a ripening anomaly, ripen after it has been picked from the tree?

Avocado

What are 4 advantages of impingement heating?

efficient heat transfer, uniform heating, better moisture retention in food, heat transfer is independent from the conveyor belt, easier nozzle configuration, adjustable velocity and temperature

What are BOD, COD and what are their units of measurement?

biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, mg/L

What is the main ingredient in the Southern dish, the potlikker?

Collard Greens

What is another name for yellow #5?

Tartrazine

The partially denatured product of collagen, used as a food ingredient, is called ______________?

Gelatin

In which country fresh smoked kielbasa originated?

Poland

What does the Fiske-Subbarow assay measure?

Levels of inorganic phosphate in biological samples

List the following flours from the least % of protein (gluten) to the greatest. All-purpose flour, amaranth flour, bread flour, corn flour, rye flour, whole wheat flour

corn flour, rye flour, whole wheat flour, all-purpose, bread flour, amaranth flour

Sauerkraut fermentation can be broken down into 3 different phases, early, middle and late. What bacteria is responsible for fermentation in each stage and what is their major fermentation products?

Early – Leu. Mesteroides, acetic acid Middle – L. plantarum, lactic acid Late – L. brevis, lactic and acetic acid

What form of mercury is associated with seafood toxicity?

org Hg or methyl Hg

What is the genus and species of the fungus that caused the Irish famine?

Phytophora infestans

What is the nutritional claim that can be made when a product serving is less than 140 mg of sodium?

Low sodium

Give two reasons why nitrites are added to cured meats

Impart color, flavor and inhibit Clostridium botulinum

What is the first hamburger chain in the US?

White castle

Which vit increases Ca absorption?

Vit D

What organisms are responsible for scombroid poisoning in seafood?

Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Name the Latin names of following cereal grains: rye, wheat, rice, oats, corn

Rye: Secale cereale Wheat: Triticum durum Rice: Oryza sativa Oats: Avena sativa Corn: Zea mays

Carotenoids are formed from multiple units of what five carbon compound?

isoprene

Hydrolytic rancidity is caused by what enzyme?

Lipase

What are the 3 common forms that orange juice is found in?

Frozen concentrate, reconstituted liquid, single straight, unconcentrated *not from concentrate

Name three materials used for edible films.

Proteins, cellulose, starches, dextrins, plant hydrocolloids, waxes, other fatty materials

Nikola Tesla

What is the leading U.S. beef export item?

short plate

What amino acid has the greatest molecular weight?

Tryptophan

What is the wavelength range of UV-Vis spectroscopy?

200-700 nm

Name 3 foods that are sources of Listeria.

Soft cheese made from unpasteurized milk, hot dogs, ready to eat deli meats, refrigerate spates or meat spreads, unpasteurized milk, refrigerated smoked seafood, raw sprouts

Halo effect in sensory means?

Subjects rate the same attributes when they appear in a series of questions differently from when they were asked separately.

What innovation in beef marketing did IBP perfect in 1967 that dramatically changed the beef industry?

boxed beef

In what chemical form is glucose stored in the liver and muscles?

Glycogen

What are the five major classes of micro organisms based on temperature?

Mesophile thermophile, psychrotroph psycrophile extremophiles

What are the three steps of fat autoxidation?

Initiation, Propagation, termination

What is Kjeldahl test used for?

Determination of nitrogen content

What activates the muscle to contract?

Calcium

What is the 2020 Firmenich flavor of the year?

Classic Blueberry

Which detection method can not be used with gradient elution in HPLC? a. RID b. DAD c. FLD

a. RID

Which two states produce almost all of the domestic lemon crop?

California and Arizona

Which food has more zinc per gram? a. beef, b. chickpeas, c. pork chops, d. oysters

d. oyster

What type of bacteria is used to produce the blue veins in blue cheese?

Penicilium roqueforti and pennicillium glaucum

What Pentose abundant wood is used to make a non-cariogenic sugar alcohol commonly used in chewing gum.

Xylitol , xylose

What is the molar concentration of disassociated H+ in pure water at 25°C?

1 x 10^7

Anthocyanins belong to what general class of chemical compounds (or structures)?

Flavonoids

What is a psychrometric chart?

A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air. Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.

Alcohol-insoluble solids content in vegetables is an indicator of what?

maturity or ripeness

Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate” analysis.

Protein, carbohydrate (NFE), water, ash, lipid, fiber

What compound in black pepper stimulates a heat sensation?

piperine

Name 3 food poisoning microorganisms present in seafood.

vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, yersinia ruckeri, aeromonas hydrophila, etc

What are some factors that may affect aseptic processing?

if the product has particulates, size of particles, viscosity, product thermal sensitivity

What is aseptic processing?

food and container are sterilized separately and then filled in a sterile environment

From what country did the Macadamia nut originate?

Australia

What company was the first soft drink manufacturer?

Schwepps in 1783

What is spice is very dangerous if it is injected intravenously?

nutmeg

The two polysaccharides that comprise starch are _________ and _______________

amylose and amylopectin

What are two equations for water activity?

P/Po ( partial vapor pressure of food moisture at T divided by saturation vapor pressure of water at T) and ERH/100 (equilibrium relative humidity at T divided by 100)

The official distilled spirit of the US is what?

Bourbon or bourbon whiskey

Name the strongest biochemical bond and the weakest biochemical bond.

strongest=covalent, weakest=hydrophobic

What are three types of food containers commonly used in retorting?

metal containers (cans), glass containers, retort pouches

In packaging, the joining of two or more films with adhesive is called?

lamination

The HLB value is a number from 1 to 18 used to describe the solubility of effectiveness of what?

An emulsifying agent

Smoke point comparisons of oils: canola, grapeseed, sunflower, safflower, olive

Safflower (510) Canola (460) Sunflower (450) Grapeseed (420) Olive (410)

What 1967 act specifies that all meat sold must have been slaughtered and processed at a facility that was federally inspected or inspected in a state whose meat inspection laws were as strict as federal standards?

Wholesome Meat Act

What makes milk white?

Casein micelles that scatter light

Depot fats and related animal fats are characterized by their high content of which fatty acids?

primarily C16 – C18 saturated, and C18:1 and C18:2

Which vitamins can also be used as antioxidants?

vitamins C and E

Name 5 examples of unit operations.

evaporator, storage tanks, filler, shipping, peeler/dicer, washing, mill, pasteurizer, grinding, extraction, drying

Intrinsic factor in foods which affect microbial growth

pH, redox potential, nutrient content, water activity

What does IMF stand for and what is the range of water activity?

intermediate moisture foods, 0.6-0.9 water activity

What is the process that keeps milk fat from floating atop the liquid component of milk?

Homogenization

What happens to a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

a catalyst can increase the rate of a reaction but the catalyst itself remains unchanged

A difference of ___ BCU is estimated to be a visual difference in a product

0.1

Name 3 forms of non-digestible polysaccharides found in foods.

cellulose, inulin, hemicellulose, polydextrose, pectin, beta-glucan

Describe the 3 steps used in the malting process.

1 – barley is cleaned/graded/steeped, and soaked in 40% moisture to activate enzymes 2 – enzymes act on starches to produce simple carbohydrates 3 – heat is used to stop the sprouting process and the grain is dried for storage

You are starting to feel nauseous and remember possibly eating some undercooked chicken a few days ago. What type of bacteria is most likely making you sick?

campylobacter (2-5 incubation days)

How many millions of bubbles are in a champagne bottle?

49 million bubbles (if they are remotely close give it to them!)

Given in the proper order, what are the four steps in cleaning and sanitizing food equipment?

Cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, air drying

What is the term used when garnishing with almonds?

Amandine

What is the name of the controversial hormone given to dairy cows to increase milk production?

Bovine somatotropin or bovine growth hormone

Pernicious anemia is the Vitamin _____ deficiency disease and results from a lack of _________

b12; intrinsic factor

What do we call the prolamines in corn?

zein

What is isotachophoresis?

technique used to separate out ionic analytes

What are the units for the following: pressure, force, and energy?

pressure: pascal, force: newton, energy: joule

Two methods to mask differences between sample appearances during sensory testing?

Change the lighting, use different lights such as red, darker in the room

What is the word for total loss of smell?

anosmia

The bitter glucoside in olives is called ______________

Oleuropein

Dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. The problem is associated with meat having: a) low ultimate pH, b)high ultimate pH, c) rapid pH decline

PDCAAS stands for?

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the united states?

Holstein

How many glucose units in beta cyclodextrin?

Probiotic & prebiotic combined are called?

synbiotic

In meat processing, what does the acronym STPP stand for and what is its primary function?

Sodium Tripolyphosphate - increases yields - increases pH --> more water holding capacity of meat proteins

Give the numerical factor for converting %N to %crude protein to one decimal point for: soybeans, dairy products, meat products.

soy = 5.7, dairy = 6.4, meat = 6.3

What type of water can be used as a substitute for blood plasma?

Coconut water

What AA comprises aspartame?

Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

Describe how a material is heated using radio frequency heating.

the radio frequency generator creates an alternating high frequency electric field between two electrodes (or capacitor), the material being heated is conveyed between the electrodes causing power water molecules in the material to continuously reorient to face opposite electrodes. the friction from the molecular movement causes the material to rapidly heat volumetrically

What are the compounds in hops that provide the bitter component and that affect the taste of beer the most?

Humulones

Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?

soften texture, remove oxygen (exhausting, prevents explosion during sterilization process), inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins

What is the common name for a 10 carbon saturated fatty acid?

Capric

Who developed cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and the Dutching process?

Coenraad Johannes van Houten

What organisms are responsible for scombroid poisoning in seafood?

Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What happens to the physical property of egg when stored below 6 degrees celsius?

the yolk viscosity rises irreversibly giving it a gel like consistency

What is the traditional source of rennet?

the fourth stomach (abomasum) of calves

What food color requires mandatory labeling?

All of them

What is black strap rum?

Rum to which black strap molasses is added

When does the maximum buffering capacity occur in a food product?

at the pKa, the point where equal amounts of the undissociated acid and weak base (salt) exist in the food matrix

What is the single most important phase of a sterile canning operation?

retorting

Which food company sponsored FIFA soccer?

Coca Cola

What is an indicator organism in food microbiology?

an indicator of sanitary conditions

Name the company that patented Olestra.

Proctor and Gamble

Shear modulus is represented by which letter?

Name 5 of the 12 USDA-approved GMO food products

alfalfa, apple, corn, pineapple, salmon, soybean, squash, sugar beet, potato, tomato

What does the acid degree value measure?

amount of free fatty acids

In mammals, what is the process by which eggs or ova are produced?

Oogenesis

Which of the 5 basic tastes are humans most sensitive?

Bitter

What are the 3 main components of a microwave heating system?

magnetron, waveguide, and cavity

Name the major connective tissue protein in meat.

collagen

What is distilled wine known as?

Brandy

Which microorganisms make the following hydrocolloids?

xanthan - xanthomonas campestris, curdlan - alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, gellan - pseudomonas elodea

What positions are on the board of directors of IFTSA?

VP chapter engangement, VP membership engangement, VP competitions, VP volunteer development, VP digital and social media and Member-at-large

Starting with 1 atm, how are the following units related; atmosphere, inches of mercury, pascal, psi?

1 atm = 30in Hg = 101,325 Pa = 14.696 psi

The uncurling of tea leaves when hot water is poured on is called?

The agony of leaves

What common purpose is sodium metasilicate, Sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium pyrophosphate is served in the food industry.

alkaline cleaners.

What is the difference between single acting and double acting baking powder?

it has one acid whereas double acting has two acids; In a single action product, such as baking soda, once exposed to moisture, it reacts once. In a double action product, such as baking powder, the products reacts once when it is exposed to moisture and then again when exposed to heat

What are the two types of certified food colorants?

lakes (water and oil soluble) and dyes (water soluble)

What are the uncontrolled fat crystallizations which give chocolate an impaired texture and a grey surface called?

Fat bloom

What is the NLEA?

Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (in 1990)

Where is 25 hydroxycholecalciferol hydroxylated to produce the active form of vitamin D?

kidney

What is the most abundant component of skeletal muscle?

Water

What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?

heme ring

Dark cutting beef is characterized by dark color, firm and dry texture. This problem is associated with meat having: A) low ultimate pH B) high ultimate pH C) rapid pH decline

B) high ultimate pH

What is the name of the process used by winemakers to create young highly colored and fruity wines?

carbonic maceration

The most frequently used polymers on food packaging materials are PE, PP and PET. What do these abbreviations stand for?

PE – polyethylene, PP- polypropylene, PET – Polyethylene terephthalate

What year was a recipe for the modern, chocolate brownie first published?

1904

What microbe is used to make vinegar?

Acetobacteria

European national Food Science organizations are organized into the European Federation of Food Science and Technology. Where is this group based?

Wageningen University, the Netherlands

Name a chart used in unsteady state heat transfer.

gurney-lurie chart, heisler chart

Microorganisms that can survive low water activity conditions are called

xerophilic

Rickets is caused by?

Vit D deficiency

Besides Salmon, name 1 other fish in the family Salmonidae.

whitefish, trout, char, grayling

What liquor is made from the blue agave plant?

Tequila

In asia, to prevent the occurrence of Beriberi, rice is fortified with what nutrient?

thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Who regulates alcohol?

TTB (Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau)

Define the D-value and the Z-value.

z-value – temperature required to decrease the time necessary to obtain a 1 log reduction in cell number to 1/10th of the original value d-value – the time in minutes at a specific temperature to reduce the number of microogranisms by 1 log cycle, AKA kill 90% of micorbes.

What are the 2 main methods of plate counting?

Spread and pour plating

Describe the difference between shear and normal stress.

Shear is parallel to the surface, normal is perpendicular

Name two factors that determine meat quality grade.

Marbling and maturity

Name 5 antimicrobial spices.

cinnamon, cloves, mustard, allspice, horseradish, onion, garlic, oregano, thyme, cumin, rosemary, ginger, basil, fennel, coriander, black pepper

How can the molecular weight of protein, DNA and RNA be determined?

SDS-PAGE for proteins and Agarose gel for DNA & RNA.

The earliest recorded reference to sausage occurred in which epic work? Written in the 8th century BC?

Homer’s the Odyssey

Which of the following is considered the strongest muscle in the human body? A. Biceps brachii B. Triceps brachii C. Gluteus maximus D. Rectus abdominis

C. Gluteus maximus

How do you make baking powder at home?

combine baking soda and cream of tartar

What are the two top selling spices in the world?

pepper and mustard

What 3 properties are major functional uses of egg based products?

coagulation when heated, foaming ability, emulsifying properties

At what frequency are radio waves typically at?

less than 300 MHz

Name 3 applications for radio frequency in food processing.

baking, drying, defrosting, pasteurization/sterilization, kill pests still in walnut shells

What is the date mandated by the FDA for food companies to comply with the new Nutrition Facts Label Format?

July 26 2018, additional year for companies with annual sales < $ 10 Million

Classify the dietary fibers as soluble or insoluble: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, inulin, lignin, microcrystalline cellulose

Soluble: inulin, pectin, Insoluble: lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, MCC

Name 2 major types of seafood intoxications.

ciguatera poisoning, scromboid fish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning

What is the cheapest thickener in the U.S. and what is the most expensive?

Cheapest - unmodified corn starch ($0.18/gk) expensive - agar ($26-31/kg)

What is the Calvert L. Award presented for?

distinguished service to IFT

What are sequestrants?

Metal chelator

The time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population at a given temperature.

D value – decimal reduction time

What is responsible for warmed-over flavor?

fat oxidation

A US gallon is equivalent to how many UK gallons (out to 1 significant figure)?

0.8

What are the 5 classes of unit operations?

fluid flow (fluid transportation, filtration, solids fluidization) Heat transfer (canning, freezing, blanching) Mass transfer (extraction, dehydration, frying) Thermodynamic processes (gas liquefaction, refrigeration) Mechanical processes (solids transportation, crushing, pulverization, screening, and sieving)

What are the hydrogenation products of the following sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose?

sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, xylitol

In plants, what amino acid is used to synthesize ethylene?

methionine

Steam table disease is caused by consumption of meat dishes adequately cooked but held at 50-55 degrees C for several hours. the causative agent is _____________.

Clostridium perfringens

Name a solvent extraction method used to measure fat in foods?

Soxhlet, Goldfish or Mojonnier

Who won the Nicholas Appert Award in 2018?

Dennis R. Heldman

Describe electrical stimulation and the purpose it serves in meat tenderness/toughness.

Electrical stimulation prevents severe cold shortening by accelerating the rate of the processing leading up to rigor mortis by depleting ATP. The goal is to prevent the carcass from being chilled while pre rigor or while undergoing rigor mortis. This action reduces toughness and muscle shortening.

Why is quality of food better in retort pouches than in conventional cans?

thinner profile means the less time to reach sterilizing treatment at center of pouch, saves money and time

Carbohydrates of soy.

Raffinose, Stachyose, Rubascose

What type of flowers produce vanilla pods?

Orchids

Which approved sweetener has the greatest sweetness relative to sugar?

Neotame (8000x ave.)

What is the condition caused by dehydration and oxidation from the frozen surface of a food product?

freezer burn

This spice consists of the stigmas of a crocus native to the eastern Mediterranean

Saffron

What is a detrimental effect of phytic acid?

It chelates minerals, preventing absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc.

What is the purpose of a deaerator in an aseptic processing system?

to remove air and prevent lipid oxidation as the product temperature is increased during the process

The only artificial sweetener made from sugar (sucrose)

sucralose (splenda)

How many coffee beans does each coffee cherry normally contain?

How does frequency affect dielectric properties of foods?

it changes the dielectric constant, higher frequency lower dielectric constant

What organizations or agencies publish the following reference texts? A)bacteriological analytical manual; b) compendium of methods in the microbiological examination of foods; c) standard methods for the examination of dairy products

a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), b&c) American Public Health Association (APHA)

What is the main components causing browning in bananas?

enzyme (ppo) and phenols

What part of the plant is the potato tuber derived?

stem

In what U.S. city was the first meat packing plant started in 1818?

Cincinnati

Lists three types of Vanilla as to their source and give their properties.

Madagascar – highly flavorful, spicy. expensive, Mexican Vanilla – woody flavor,Tahitian Vanilla – floral flavor

What is more saturated, pork, beef or chicken fat?

Beef

Normally the lipid levels in fruits and vegetables is less than 1%. What are the two exceptions?

avocado (20%) and olives (15%)

In poultry, what is the difference between a "broiler" and a "fryer"?

Both are types of chicken that are raised for meat. Fryer are just a bit larger in weight than broiler.

Fermented food of Mexico?

Pozole

What is the term for the fear of cooking?

Mageirocophobia

What is the name of the evergreen shrub from which we get capers?

Caper Bush (Capparis spinosa)

What is the equation used to convert deg C to deg F?

F= 9/5C+32

What are three genera of fungi commonly used in food production?

Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Saccharomyces

What is the official shelf life of a Twinkie?

25 days.

Why does water have a high dielectric constant?

large network of water molecules extending over several H-bonds, water molecules associate through H-bridges and proton transport takes place along H-bridges

Which gas often removed from packaging in thermal processes?

What color is the inside of a cranberry?

white

In what year was IFT founded?

1939

What is the German beer style that is brewed with coriander and sea salt?

Gose

The Christie—Atkins—Munch-Peterson (CAMP) test is used to identify what foodborne pathogen?

Listeria monocytogenes

In Reverse phase HPLC, what component retains highly hydrophobic impurities from going onto the analytical column and permanently interacting with the stationary phase which ultimately prolongs the analytical column's capacity?

Guard column

Put the following 5 crops in order of least to greatest based on total extractable oil percentage by weight. sesame, sunflower, soybean, copra, rapeseed

Soybean (14) Sunflower (32) Rapeseed (37) Sesame (50) Copra (62)

What is the amount of energy to raise the temperature of 2 grams of water from 14.5 deg C to 15.5 deg C?

2 cal

According to Food Technology magazine, what are the 2024 flavor trends?

Flowers Galore, Boldly Unsweet, Healthful Signals, Cross-cultural Communion, Newstalgia Mashups

Name 3 strains of mold that produce mycotoxin.

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Claviceps purpurea, Penicillium citrinin, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium spp.

Give an example of cross potentiation.

Observer perceives more bitterness in the test sample because of the tasting of sucrose has heightened his sensitivity to bitterness

What causes the pH to drop during the aging of eggs?

loss of carbon dioxide through the egg shell

Which type of south american tea is traditionally served in a gourd?

Yerba mate

What is the purpose of adding extenders, binders and fillers ot meat? Give three examples.

Extenders were originally used to reduce costs but they were later used to make meat products more healthy by adding dietary fiber, or to improve the texture

Name heat resistant enzyme use in modern PCR.

TAQ DNA Polymerase

What is the name given to substances that may come into contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment, but are not intended to be added directly to food by the FDA?

Indirect Additive

Define "microencapsulation".

Microencapsulation is the science of trapping components (core or active) into a secondary material (encapsulant, wall material, carrier, or cover), producing small solid particles (1–500 μm in size). These particles are able to release their contents at a specified rate or under specific conditions.

Amino acid found exclusively in animal based protein and milk is considered essential to cats and infants?

Taurine

What does the 1913 Gould Amendment require of food products marketed in the U.S.?

It requires that contents be plainly marked on the outside of the food package

What is the name of a food process which is considered to be a food additive under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?

Irradiation

What value is the time required to have 1 log reduction in microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature?

D-value

What is the surface temperature of a block of dry ice?

-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit (-78.5 degrees C)

What aspect of Staphylococcus aureaus does selective media 111, exploit?

Salt tolerance

Put the following types of sugar into order from finest particle size to largest particle size; sanding sugar, pearl sugar, confectioners’ sugar, cane sugar and granulated sugar

confectioners, granulated, cane sugar, sanding, pearl sugar

There are many ways to classify cheese. Name 2 classification methods and 3 different categories within each classification.

moisture content – soft to hard Fresh, whey, and stretched curd – age Content – double cream, goat, ewe, cow, water buffalo Soft-ripened and blue vein – soft-ripened, washed rind, and blue

What is the genus/species/variety for popping corn?

Zea mays everta

What effect does ascorbate have on curing with sodium nitrite?

Faster curing action by reducing nitrate to nitrite

What are the m/o responsible for traveler's diarrhea?

e. coli

What is retrogradation?

the insolubilizing effect, initiated when long carbohydrate molecules begin to crystallize

What are the shapes of following divisions of bacteria? cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrios, spirochaetes

spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) and corkscrew (spirochaetes)

Given the highest dose of a chemical that causes no effect in rats is 300mg; what is the accepted daily intake for humans?

3 mg, (100 fold safety factor)

What main agency is charged with enforcing standards that limit exposure to ionizing radiation?

US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

What is an infection that can be caused by eating undercooked pork from pigs fed raw garbage?

trichinosis

What are psychrophiles?

Bacteria or archae that grow over the range of sub zero to 20 C with an optimum around 15 C

Name 5 types of air convection dryers (heated air dryers)

Kiln, cabinet, tunnel, Solar, conveyor, fluidized bed, air lift, rotary, spray drier, Freeze Dryers, Vacuum Dryers

What food color requires mandatory labeling?

All of them

When cysteine in wine breaks down, what happens to the sensory quality?

The wine develops a sulfurous odor

Name the significance of importance of the following enzymes. Rennet, papain, lactase, alkaline phosphatase

rennet – curdle milk, papain – tenderize meat, lactase – converts lactose to monosaccharides, alkaline phosphatase – indicates milk pasteurization

What is a humectant?

Humectants control water activity in foods, thus enhancing stability and viscosity, maintaining texture and reducing microbial activity. Humectants chemically bind water and reduce water activity.

What is the geometric configuration of double bonds in most natural fatty acids?

Cis

What term is a measure of ability to store electrical energy?

dielectric constant

Name the receptors that detect the quality parameters of the appearance, odor, taste, and mouthfeel of foods.

Appearance – photoreceptors Odor – chemoreceptor (olfactory cells) Taste – chemoreceptors, taste buds Mouthfeel - thermoreceptor

A substance that reduces molecular damage due to Oxygen, such as free radical damage to cellular tissue is called what?

Antioxidant

Withholding feed for 12 to 24 hours prior to slaughter results in greater ease of what?

evisceration

Name two fermentation sources of chymosin

kluyveromyces marxianus variety lactis and e. coli

Type A gelatins are produced by what process?

Type A gelatin is derived from acid-cured tissue. Gelatin derived from an acid-treated precursor is known as Type A and gelatin derived from an alkali-treated process is known as Type B.

What is an emulsion?

a system containing 2 immiscible liquids

What causes ergotism (st. anthony's fire)?

caused by eating toxic alkaloids produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. On wheat, barley, rye, oats, and wild grasses. Max. level of ergot allowed 0.1% dry weight in barley, oats, 0.3% dry weight in wheat and rye

When was Journal of Food Science first published and by what name?

1936, Food Research

The percentage of alpha acids in hops differs based on the type of hops. By percentage of total dry weight please rank the following from greatest percentage of alpha acids to least percentage. Saaz, Chinook, Cascade, Willamette, Centennial

Chinook, Centennial, Cascade or Willamette (or switched), Saaz

The first digit of an enzyme's EC number assigned by the international union of biochemistry identifies ________________.

General reaction type that they catalyze.

What two organizations developed the marion blackberry (or marionberry)?

USDA-ARS and Oregon State University

Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What type of chemical reaction is the cause?

Oxidation

What was the original flavor of the filling of Twinkies?

Banana Cream

What provides the most adsorbable iron? A. 1 apple, B. 1 cup milk, C. 3 oz steak, d. ½ cup spinach

C. 3 oz steak

What is the name of the degradation compound of chlorophyll?

Pheophytin

What is the most common pathogen found in cheese outbreaks?

Monocytogenes

What are fresh hams commonly called by the packing industry?

Green hams

Name the four classes of proteolytic enzymes based on active site.

Serine, metallo, aspartyl, cysteine

What is zymology?

the science of fermentation

What is the term for a place where fresh healthy food is unaffordable or inaccessible?

food desert

In which year was the first lab cultured meat consumed?

2013

Name three functions of nitrate in cured meats.

anti c. bot, stabilize myoglobin, flavor

What is the pigment that is responsible for the green color in cooked broccoli?

Pheophytin

Vitamin deficiencies cause many diseases. For each of the following give the vitamin deficiency it is associated with. Xerophthalmia, Korsakoff’s syndrome, scurvy, pellagra, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, rickets

Xerophthalmia – vitamin A Korsakoff’s syndrome – thiamine (or vitamin B-1) Scurvy – vitamin C Wernicke’s encephalopathy – vitamin B (vitamin B1 is also acceptable) Rickets – vitamin D

Caffeine belongs to what class of compounds?

methylxanthine

What value measures the heat resistance of a microorganism?

D-value

Name 3 fruits or veggies that contains lycopene.

tomatoes, watermelon, guava, red grapefruit, papaya, red cabbage, mango

What is the name of a sweet, dark liquor made from blackcurrants?

cassis or crème de cassis

What is the most accurate and sensitive method for quantitative determination of metals and metalloids

Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Absorption spectroscopy

As of 2014 list 6 of the 8 crops that Oregon is a number 1 producer of.

blackberries, boysenberries, black raspberries, Christmas trees, grass seeds, hazelnuts, potted azaleas, storage onions

What is the temperature scale that follows Fahrenheit, but gives you absolute temperature?

Rankin

What is a catalase?

Enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

What is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water?

Catalase

What are beef or lamb carcasses with a thin layer of fat covering that are chilled rapidly susceptible to?

Cold shortening

How many essential amino acids are required by adults?

Tea comes from which of the following plants?

Camellia Sinensis

What is the microorganism used to make miso and sake?

Aspergillus orzae

Genera for Downy Mildew disease.

Sclerospora bremia

What is the difference between food infection and food intoxication?

Intoxication: Toxin is produced in the food before it is ingested. Infection: Viable cells must be consumed and the pathogens must grow inside the body to cause symptoms

What U.S. governmental agency sets the standards of identity of meat products?

FSIS, USDA

The wheat type having the lowest protein and weak gluten is

soft white winter wheat

Name the plastic used in McDonalds’ clamshells before the company stopped using them.

Polystyrene

What is the difference between gelato and ice cream in terms of sugar and fat content, and overrun?

Gelato is higher in sugar, lower in overrun and fat

List four method used to find the total number of microorganisms in foods.

pour plate, surface spread plate, surface drop, agar droplet, and microdilution

What percentage of the water on Earth is potable and accessible for consumption?

What are the 5 main types of botulism?

foodborne, infant, wound, Adult intestinal toxemia, Iatrogenic botulism

Measurement of protein content of food uses specific factors based on the type of food, to convert nitrogen to protein content. What is the name of these specific factors?

Jones factor

What is the common name obtained from laurel tree often used to flavor soups, sauces?

Bay leaves

What is carboxy-methyl-cellulose often used for?

Thickening

The following acronyms related to food analysis stand for, AA, ICP- AES and HPLC.

Atomic absorption, Inductively coupled plasma Atomic emission spectroscopy, High performance liquid chromatography

Name the three tests for packaging materials.

Tensile strength, moisture transmission, Oxygen transmission

What fat soluble vitamin has antioxidant properties?

Vit E

At what temperature is sugar syrup considered to be in a soft, cracked stage?

270-290 deg F

What is the name of the compound responsible for the grapefruit flavor of grapefruit?

1-p-menthene-8-thiol (or thioterpineol)

What phenomena in wine is a visualization of the Gibbs-Marangoni effect?

Tears or the wine legs

Give the names of the 5 non-nutritive sweeteners the FDA has designated as GRAS.

Aspartame (NutraSweet® and Equal®) Acesulfame-K (Sweet One®) Neotame Saccharin (Sweet’N Low®) Sucralose (Splenda®)

Name two diamines responsible for the odor in meats (spoiled)?

cadaverine, putrescine

Name 3 methods of fruit and vegetable peeling.

steam peeling, knife peeling, abrasion peeling, caustic peeling and flame peeling

What is a bacteriophage composed of?

A nucleic acid molecule surrounded by a protein structure.

How is cocoa butter different from other types of fats?

It doesn’t go rancid and therefore has a long shelf/storage life.

Name 5 ingredients in V8 juice.

tomato, spinach, celery, carrot, beet, lettuce, watercress, parsley (bccl sptw)

What salt is traditionally used to coagulate tofu?

Calcium sulfate

Name a reagent used to determine the amount of reducing sugar present in food.

Benedict's reagent

What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?

1,2-diacyl-:ussn:ueglycero-3-phosphocholine, Fosfatidilcolina, Lipodissolve, Lipolight, Lipolyse, Lipothérapie, Lipotherapy, Phosphatidyl Choline, Phospholipid, Phospholipide, Phospholipon, Polyenylphosphatidylcholine, Polyénylphosphatidylcholine, PtdCho.

What plastic category, name and number, does the styrofoam belong in?

6. PS

What bacteria is found in foods that produce harmful toxins, is heat resistant but won’t grow in acidic foods?

Clostridium Botulinum

Name the body of FAO-WHO that deals with food standards including pesticides.

Codex Alimentarius commission

Name and give the corresponding numbers of 5 B vitamins.

B1 – thiamine, B2 – riboflavin, B5 – pantothenic acid, B6 – pyridoxine, B12 – Cobalamine, B4 – choline, B3 – niacin, B7 – Biotin, B9 – folic acid

What are colligative properties?

physical properties of a solution that depend entirely on the number of solute molecules present in a solution and not upon the chemical nature of the solute ie vapor pressure, osmotic pressure, boiling point

How does Mozarella get its stringiness?

Stretching or kneading of the curd

What two words guarantee the origin of French wine?

Appellation Controlee

How does a bimetallic thermometer work?

there is a bimetallic strip that converts a temperature change into a mechanical displacement. There is a mechanical displacement because the strip is formed from two different metals that expand at different rates when heated

Five fruits/vegetables from the family solanaceae

Potatoes, tomato, pepper, eggplant, different types of peppers

Who was the first person to claim that electricity made meat uncommonly tender?

Benjamin Franklin

In 2024, which company joined National Fisheries Institute as the first cell-cultured seafood company?

BlueNalu

What organism is used in the manufacture of blue cheese?

penicillium Roqueforti and Penicillium Glaucum

For the D configuration of sugars, the reference hydroxyl group is on the _________ side in fischer projection formulas.

right

The step in which fatty acids of higher melting point are separated by cooling during edible oil manufacturer is called?

winterization

What are some of the disadvantages of using the general method to calculate lethality?

the initial temperature and time/temperature profile used in production must remain consistent with those used at the time of the heat penetration tests, not recommended for process development, there is a need for thermocouple nad measurement accuracy (with accurate calibration)

Does 1 cup of spinach have more, the same or less calcium than 1 cup of ice cream?

more (spinach = 244 mg, ice cream = 176mg)

Name three metabolic products of heterofermentative microorganisms.

acetic acid, ethanol, formic acid, and CO2

Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.

pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase

What does the AACC stand for?

American association of cereal chemists

Name 5 foods that are actually roots.

Carrots, beets, potatoes, radishes, rutabagues, yams, kolrabi, onions, garlic, celery root, horseradish, daikon, artichoke, ginger, jicama

Acrolein is a potentially toxic product that can occur in food processing applications. Give the source and the type of degradation can yield this chemical.

Thermal decomposition of fats

Starvation due to a lack of food is called:

Marasmus

In 2017, IFT launched an initiative to look at how ingenuity will feed the world. What is the name of that initiative's documentary?

Food evolution.

What is the scale for water activity?

0 – 1.0

The products of superoxide ion O2-dismutation are ___________

3 O2 and H2O2

What is the measurement of oxygen utilized in the stabilization of organic matter by microorganisms over a 5 day period at 20 C called?

biological oxygen demand

Please define water activity.

the ratio between the vapor pressure of the food itself and the vapor pressure of distilled water under identical conditions.

Name 4 US departments that are involved in seafood regulation.

FDA, USDA, Department of Commerce, NMFS, CDC, EPA.

Lysine, an essential amino acid is commercially produced by which genus of bacterium for use as a food additive?

Brevibacterium

Give me four reasons why compounds are micro encapsulated?

Increase bioavailability, delayed release, stability, to protect (to protect reactive substances from the environment To convert liquid active components into a dry solid system to separate incompatible components for functional reasons to mask undesired properties of the active components to protect the immediate environment of the Microcapsule in capsules from the active components, and then the controlled release or delayed release)

What is the address of IFT world headquarters?

525 W Van Buren St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 606067

How do you calculated amount of protein a person needs per day?

0.8*kg body weight

In temperature sensing, what does the abbreviation RTD stand for?

resistance temperature detector

The oxidation of the iron in myoglobin to the ferric state results in the brown pigment called...

metmyoglobin (before cooking in fresh; if it is after cooking, its called dentaured metmyoglobin)

What is the general nitrogen to protein conversion factor used in food analysis?

6.25, kjeldahl method

The percentage of fiber is how many times higher in whole grain bread than in white bread?

Which mineral can be used as an antioxidant?

selenium

Reserva Cava is a sparkling wine. What is the age difference between Reserve Cava compared to NV Champagne?

915 months on lees, the same as NV champagne

Which 4 fast food restaurants have the most locations worldwide?

McDonalds, KFC, Subway, Starbucks

Foods and other grocery store products often contain a series of lines and numbers known as the product UPC code. What does UPC stand for?

Universal product code

What is the most common psychotropic bacteria associated with milk spoilage?

Pseudomonas species

In what two ways can a xanthan gum stabilize an emulsion?

Reduce surface activity, increase viscosity

In the US, scampi refers to a dish usually prepared from shrimps. However, in UK, scampi is legally defined as which seafood species?

Lobster

What are the end products of scission and dismutation?

Aldehydes and ketones

What is invert sugar?

hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose

What are isotonic solutions?

solutions which have the same osmotic pressure at the same temperature

Hydrogenation of glucose yields what compound?

Sorbitol

Goat stench or goaty flavor is due to which fatty acids (give name and number of carbons)?

Caproic (hexanoic 6:0); Caprylic (octanoic 8:0); capric (Decanoic 10:0)

What is the classic Valencian dish made from rice, poultry, and seafood?

Paella

What is one of the most bitter natural compounds known?

Amarogentin

What are the three types of emulsions?

semi permanent, permanent, and temporary

How does fat have "shortening power"?

It interlaces between protein and starch structures and makes them tear apart easily and 'short' rather than allowing them to stretch long. This is a tenderizing effect for meat and baked goods.

Top graded red and white wine

Judgement of Paris

What term describes the state of chemical and metabolic equilibrium?

homeostasis

How long can eggs be stored under appropriate conditions?

6 months

What are the two types of bloom in chocolate?

sugar bloom and fat bloom

What kitchen appliance inspired Nike's first shoe?

Waffle iron

The water content of lean beef muscle normally ranges from A) 40-50% B) 70-75% C) 90-95%

B) 70-75%

What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?

Coxiella burnetii

What is the flavor/antimicrobial compound associated with Thyme?

Thymol

What are 5 characteristic toppings of a Cobb salad?

Tomato, bacon, hard-boiled eggs, avocado, chives, Roquefort / blue cheese, red wine vinaigrette

Name the 5 IFT Student Association competitions.

Graduate student paper, Undergraduate student paper, College Bowl, Student Chapter of the Year, Product Development

Until a few decades ago, Freon-12 was commonly used in what food processing operation?

Refrigeration

True or false: the name margarine comes from a fatty acid, margaric acid, named by Chevreul in 1813.

True, although later studies showed there is no such thing as margaric acid

What compounds found in many brassicas can be both cancer-protective and goitrogenic?

glucosinolates

What type of bacteria besides Staphylococci aureous can survive on cows utters?

Micrococci

Why is raw soybean meal not as good a source of essential proteins as cooked or heat processed soybean meal?

soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors which reduce digestibility of soy protein; heating denatures the inhibitors

What are the units for the convective heat transfer coefficient?

W/m2C or W/m2K

What are the additive primaries?

Red, green, and blue light

What are the big 3 canned products?

corn, tomatoes, green beans

What is the world's oldest and most common form of food preservation?

Drying

What two types of heating are dielectric heating?

microwave and radio frequency

What metal can cause an abnormal green color in vegetables?

Copper

Milk is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals expect for what 2 items?

Vitamin C and Iron

Why do bubbles form in boiling but not during evaporation?

in evaporation bubbles do not form because the vapor pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. Bubbles form in boiling because the vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure

In what year and by which president what the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act enacted?

FDR in 1938

Name of material from ground recycled glass use to make glass material

Cullet

A force of 60 kg m/s^2 is applied to a body with a mass of 2 kg. What is the acceleration?

30 m/s^2 (F = mass x acceleration)

The mash obtained in the fermentation of soy to produce soy sauce is called

miso

Per the Osborne solubility classification, provide the protein amount for whole wheat flour, enriched flour and cake/pastry flour.

whole wheat – 13% (14% is also acceptable), enriched – 12%, cake/pastry – 8.9%

What is the maximum amount of aflatoxin allowed in food by FDA?

20 ppb, .5 ppb for milk, aflatoxin 61 is the most potent known naturally-occurring liver carcinogen

Inulin is a polysaccharide found in some plants. What is the monosaccharide that makes up this polymer?

Fructose

What is a monosaccharide. A) polyalcohol b) poly acid c) polyether d) all of the above

When was the College Bowl competition first held?

1985

Is the osmotic pressure higher or lower inside a growing cell as compared to the external environment?

Higher, Cell elongation during growth is followed by influx of water into the vacuole

Put these peppers in order from the least to greatest based on their Scoville units: Poblano, Carolina, Reaper, Cayenne, Birds eye chilli, Jalapeno

Poblano - 1250 Jalapeno – 5000 Cayenne – 50000 Birds eye chilli – 100000 Carolina reaper - 1500000

Name the country of origin: gorgonzola, stilton, camembert, Limburger

Gorgonzola: Italy, Stilton: UK, Camembert: France, Limburger: Belgium

What are the major antibodies present in the primary and secondary antibody responses?

for primary response that is IgM and for secondary response that is IgG

What is the cutoff Reynold's number for laminar flow?

2100

The levels of intake of essential nutrient considered adequate for meeting the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons is called what?

RDA

The most commonly used commercial method for freezing meat products is what?

Blast Freezing-the air blast freezer is one the oldest and commonly used freezing equipment due to its temperature stability and versatility for several product types.

Linamarin is found in lima beans. When exposed to gastric hydrochloric acid what compound is produced?

hydrogen cyanide

The lamb shoulder is correctly separated from the lamb rack between what ribs?

4th & 5th

What fruit has its seeds on the outside?

Strawberry

State the packaging material to which the numbers 1 to 7 inside a recycling logo correspond to.

1: PET 2: HDPE 3: PVC 4: LDPE 5: PP 6: PS 7:Other

Which of the following do not require pre-market approval by the FDA? a. structure-function claims b. health claim c. drugs d. food additives

a. structure-function claims

What is the process in beer to carbonate the beer without using sugars or other adjuncts?

krausening

Name 3 amylytic enzymes that react with starch and give the end product for each enzymatic reaction.

alpha amylase – oligosaccharides Beta amylase – disaccharides Amyloglucosidase - glucose

Cheeses from highest to lowest protein content. Cheddar, swiss, cottage, feta.

Swiss>Cheddar>Feta>Cottage

What is the main source of vibrio cholerae?

shellfish

Name 5 chelating agents used in food.

EDTA, vitamin C, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, pyrophosphate, proteins

What analytical method reveals the most information about a lipid? A – fat index, B – solid/ liquid ratio, C – iodine value, D – Cloud point

What is the nonprotein portion of myoglobin?

heme ring

Name 5 unripened cheeses.

Cottage, ricotta, mozarella, quark, cheese curds, marscapone, feta, etc.

What is the botanical name of the plant that hops are extracted from?

Humulus lupulus

Most carbohydrates, exist in their D form in nature, which carbohydrate is primarily found in L form.

Arabinose

What is the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit, Celsius and kelvin?

212 deg F, 100degC, 373degK

What are 5 fatty acids found in vegetable oil?

stearic, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and __________

What are the described flavors of the following 3 compounds? Diacetyl, acetaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol

Diacetyl – butter, acetaldehyde – nutty or apple, 1-octen-3-ol – mushroom

How many amino acids are found in one turn of an alpha helix in DNA?

3.6

What is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate?

Theobromine

What is the main difference between bulls and bullocks?

Bulls have older skeletal maturity, in the B or older class, while bullocks have younger skeletal maturity, in the A class

The amount of effervescence in a sparkling wine is dependent on the amount of what compound?

CO2

What is an anaerobic bacteria?

a bacteria that does not require oxygen for growth

What does GMP stand for?

Good manufacturing practices

What city has hosted the most IFT annual meetings?

Chicago

List the 6 major classes of enzymes

oxidoreductases, transferase, ligase, lyase, isomerase, hydrolase

Balancing cost speed and ease of use, which rapid quality control for syrup measuerment was used by industry?

What causes the pH drop of meat?

anaerobic metabolism post mortem leads to latic acid build up

How many grams of HCl are needed in 1 liter of distilled, deionized water to produce 1 molar HCl?

36.45 grams

What is the influence of the condition of a surface on volatility?

At a given temperature, more volatiles escape from a soft, porous, and humid surface than from a hard, smooth, and more dry one

Eight quality grades of beef.

Prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter and canner C4S2PU

What are the five sugar heating stages for making caramel?

thread, firm ball, soft crack, hard crack, caramel

What is the phone number for IFT?

312-782-8424

What type of ANOVA should be used when the means being compared are based on multiple observations from the same group of individuals?

Repeated measures ANOVA

What might the Doppler effect be used to measure in food settings?

Flow velocity or food intake

Name 1 method of second degree product of rancidity

TBARS, VOCs, sensory evaluation, p-anisidine value, HPLC, GC, mass spectrometry

How does HPLC differ from FLPC?

HPLC has higher pressure than FPLC.

Why is skim milk fortified with Vitamin A?

Vitamin A is lost during processing.

What percentage of the Daily Value must a product contain for it to claim that it is a "good source" of a vitamin?

10-19% of the Daily Value

Name five varieties of grapefruits.

Ruby Red, Pomelo, white, pink, star ruby, sweeties, oro blanco, melogold, lavender

How many milliliters are in each of the following? 1 teaspoon, 1 tablespoon and 1 cup

1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL and 1 cup = 236 mL

Who comprises the executive committee of IFT?

President, President-Elect, Past President, Treasurer, and Chief Executive Officer

Why are corrugated boxes produced with flutes in the vertical direction?

Flutes provide structural reinforcement- improve strength in terms of crushing and stacking

Which part of a tree protects the seeds?

Fruit

Name 3 nonpolar, 3 polar and 3 charged amino acids.

nonpolar: Valine, Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline. Polar: Glycine, Serine, Cystein, Threonine, Tyrosine. Charged: Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

What is the concentration of casein and whey in the protein fraciton of cow's milk?

~82% of milk protein is casein & 18% is serum, or whey protein

What is the main aroma compound found in banana oil?

Isopentyl acetate

In beer manufacturing, what ions in water essentially gives malty characteristic?

Melanoidins

What are some advantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?

easy portability, independence of auxiliary equipment, low cost, compatible with most environments, moderate ruggedness, wide range of temperatures

What is a sorption isotherm?

relationship between equilibrium moisture and water activity

What is the shelf life of UHT processed milk?

six to nine months

Name three functions of packaging in protecting food from deterioration.

recontamination with microorganisms, attach by insects and rodents, moisture gain or loss, air and light, and mechanical abuse

What would you do to change a temperature reading from Farenheit to degree Rankine?

add 459.67

Does a smaller or larger electrode gap result in faster heating of the product?

smaller electrode gap

Which soft drink was the first to be offered in a 2 Liter bottle?

Pepsi

What are the X and Y axis on a lineWeaver Burk plot?

X=1/[S] (substrate concentration) and Y=1/v (velocity (reaction speed)

What food product is B-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin found in?

Milk

What is the main pigment found in beets?

Betalain

What was the original name for cheerios?

Cheerioats

Which USDA agency inspects red meat products at slaughter?

Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)

How is the pocket in pita bread formed?

Steam that is created by cooking at a high heat.

What type of sensors have resistance characteric fall off with increasing temperature?

negative temperature coefficient

Name the organic acids found in grapefruit, orange, grape, vinegar.

Grapefruit: citric, orange: citric, grape: tartaric, vinegar: acetic

What are 2 types of microbiological testing used to identify and verify microorganisms in foods?

culture media, immunoassay, or polymerase chain reaction.

What are five functions of surfactants in foods?

emulsification, aeration and foam stabilization, prevention of starch complexing, protein interaction and fat crystal modification

Name two emulsifying salts used to make processed cheese.

disodium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium tartrate, sodium pyrophosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium potassium tartrate

Isohumulone is the precursor compound that reacts with light to what vitamin to cause skunky flavor in beer?

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

WHO stands for what?

World Health Organization

What are 5 methods of freezing?

plate/contact, still air/cold room/sharp, blast air, IQF/Fluidized bed, immersion/spray, cryogenic, sharp, rotary, spiral, band

What is a mycotoxin?

Secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that can cause disease and death in humans and animals.

Gelato’s texture is due to its density as it is denser than ice cream. How much of gelato is air (%)?

30%, ice cream is 50%

Which test is used to check if the dough is properly kneaded or not? Describe it.

Window pane test (Take a small ball of the dough and stretch it into a square. Keep on stretching until it becomes a thin film in the middle without breaking. The dough must be thin enough to pass light through it. If it is obtained without any tear, then your dough is properly kneaded.)

First fruit shown in pac man.

Cherry

Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is dependent on which cofactor?

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

In making sweeteners from starch, which term describes using glucoamylase and pullulanase to hydrolyze the dextrins to glucose units?

Saccharification

What is meant by the "signature line" on a package?

the name and address of manufacturer, distributor or importer

What are the three functions of sulfuric acid in the Babcock test?

generate heat, precipitate protein, digest protein

Why does water heat rapidly in a microwave oven?

Water is a dipole molecule. As the microwave field oscillates, the dipole of water will try to oscillate to follow the field

What is "converted rice" and how is it manufactured?

Whole grain rice is parboiled or steeped in hot water prior to removal of the hulls, bran, and germ in milling. The rice loses fewer nutrients as the B vitamins and minerals from the hulls, bran, and germ are leached into the endosperm. The converted rice is then dried, milled, and polished

What's the equation for Planck-Einstein relation with respect to radiation?

E = h * (nu)

What is flash cooling?

the process of removing heat, moisture, and entrained air from the product prior to filling

What is the rate limiting step in a beer fermentation?

Beer fermentation must continue until yeast uptake the diacetyl they excreted during fermentation. Diacetyl must be lowered to between 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L

Who is the past president of IFT?

John Coupland

What polysacc from crustacean shells help lower cholesterol level?

Chitin, chitosan

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is typically used to measure what in foods?

Minerals

Name three types of GC detectors using their full name.

FID (Flame Ionization Detector); NPD (Nitrogen phosphorus detector); FPD (Flame Photometric detector);ECD (electron capture detector); MS (Mass Spectrometer); AED (atomic Emission Detector); PID (Photoionization detector); TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector); ELCD (electrolytic conductivity detector)

What is the main function of gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from smaller precursors to be used by the brain.

What happened when there is a white coating on the surface of choclate?

Fat/sugar bloom

The single most important phase of a sterile canning operation is what?

retorting

Name 2 food ingredients that are used as flavor enhancers

MSG, inosine phosphate, guava nectar, maltitol, neotame, yeast extract, etc.

What substance did Canadians Charles Best and Fredrick Banting discover in 1922?

Insulin

In 1946, BBC aired the first-ever cooking show, called "Cookery". Who was the first chef to have his own cooking show?

Philip Harben

What is the characteristic fruit flavor compound of cherry?

benzaldehyde

What protein structure is formed by linear proteins folding into complex?

tertiary

A family of glycoproteins that are the main constituent of muscle connective tissue are: A) Myosins B) Collagens C) Ligament proteins

B) Collagens

Replacement for sourdough

A cup of milk and 1 tsp lemon juice (correct)

What is the most popular instrument for measuring the textural quality of foods?

Instron

What month is designated as National Meat Month?

January

What reaction does the enzyme “reverse transcriptase” catalyze?

RNA transcribed to DNA (not DNA to RNA)

What is the polysaccharide that is the main storage form of carbohydrate, largely stored in the liver, with lesser amounts in muscle tissue?

Glycogen

Name the 2 principle whey proteins.

Beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin

What beer style do you need sour cheeries to?

Lambic

What are the two general types of adulteration of foods?

economic adulteration; addition of foreign material

What factors affect heat penetration in canned foods?

container size/shape, product consistency (homogenous or not), type of retort (still vs agitating)

Which of the following are not nuts? Cashews, almonds, brazil nuts, peanuts

peanuts (legumes), cashews (drupes)

Pomology is a science of?

fruit

tests for which two bacteria must be conducted under the final rule on pathogen reduction and HACCP?

generic E. coli and salmonella

What is the term the FDA uses to describe the maximum amount or natural or unavoidable decfects in a products?

defect action levels

The stable, bright pink-red color of cured meats is caused by the reaction of what two compounds?

nitrite and myoglobin (nitrosomyoglobin)

The USDA FSIS requires that the internal muscle temperature of poultry be decreased to what temperature © or lower within 8 hours of slaughter?

40 F

Name the fungus responsible for Ergot.

claviceps purpurea

Why is 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, also called ethephon, sprayed on tomato fields?

it forms ethylene which causes uniform ripening prior to harvest

Which of the following oils would become rancid fastest? Canola, soybean, or olive

Canola

Explain pasteur effect.

the rate of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is higher than the rate under aerobic conditions. Aerobic: citric acid cycle follows glycolysis; anaerobic: fermentation occurs

What are 4 applications that use spray drying?

powdered cheese, cream powders, egg powers, milk products

What is required for a product to bear the label "made with organic ingredients"?

Processed products that contain at least 70 percent organic ingredients can use the phrase “made with organic ingredients” and list up to three of the organic ingredients or food groups on the principal display panel.

In 2016 which country became the first to ban supermarkets from throwing away food? Instead, they have to donate it.

France

Based on FDA definition, four substances exempt from the definition of food additive.

Pesticide residues, color additives, new animal drugs, dietary supplements

What type of packaging controls involves actively or passively controlling the masses surrounding a product?

MAP

Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?

oxidizing agent. potassium bromate is a powerful oxidizing agent that chemically ages flour much faster than open air

In Mohr’s method what is silver nitrate used as?

An indicator, used to measure salt content

Which act established Land grant universities in 1862?

Land-Grant College Act

What does GDA stand for on nutrient labels?

Guideline Daily Amount

What is the scientific name for European wine grapes and American wine grapes and provide 2 specific wine grapes for each.

Vitis vinifera (Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Merlot ….) Vitis labrusca – Concord, Catawba, Niagara, Delaware, Isabella.

Which of the following is not considered an offal? a. Trotters b. Lights c. Tripe d. Rounds

d. Rounds Trotters: hooves, Lights: lungs, tripe: stomach lining, Rounds: rear leg cut

What is the scale on which liking or disliking of a stimulus is evaluated?

Hedonic scale

What two reagents test for the presence of reducing sugars?

benedicts and fehlings

What is responsible for the trigeminal senses?

free nerve endings present in the oral and nasal cavities which are sensitive to irritants (capsaicin, acetic acid, ammonia, astringents) and act as a protection device against harmful chemicals

Name 5 types of heat exchangers used for food processing.

shell and tube heat exchanger, spiral heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, jacketed pans, scraped surface heat exchangers, corrugated tube heat exchanger, finned tube heat exchangers, double pipe heat exchanger

What was the first fast food hamburger shop in US?

White Castle

The principle lipid component in milk is the class called which of the following: A) steroids B) phospholipids C) triacylglycerides

C) triacylglycerides

Certified food colorants can be divided into 2 types. What are they?

Dyes (water soluble) and lakes (water and oil soluble)

What is the artificial color number of Sunset Yellow?

Yellow No. 6

According to FDA, what is the only fish that produced real caviar?

Sturgeon

Packaging material made out of cellulose?

Cellophane (paper is acceptable too)

What is the quantitative determination of organic nitrogen and therefore protein?

Kjeldahl method

Which of the following is a major determinant of the fermentation of cellulose in the gut?

ratio of lignin to cellulose

What are the HTST conditions?

72.8 C, 15 sec

What are some advantages of aseptic processing?

convenience (many foods can undergo aseptic processing), safety (protect against spoilage and foodborne illness), flavor and freshness (captures the natural flavors and has a fresh clean taste), natural (no need for preservatives)

What is the milk fat % in heavy cream?

At least 36%

Give five types of RNA.

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small nuclear RNA, regulatory RNA, ribozymes, double stranded RNA, signal recognition particle RNA, transfer messenger RNA

The desirable bright red color of cured meats is due to the pigment

nitrosomyoglobin

Table salt is fortified with iodine to prevent which disorder?

Goiter

Name 5 different polyols used in foods.

Isomalt Maltitol Sorbitol Xylitol erythritol

Name three types of retorts.

Still, agitating, continuous , discontinuous, still with overpressure

What is the main purpose of food processing?

to extend shelf life of a product by reducing or eliminating microbial activity and ensure food product safety

What kinds of food emulsions are butter, mayonnaise, and milk?

butter = water in oil, Mayonnaise = oil in water and milk = oil in water

What are 2 species of Vanilla beans used in the US food industry?

Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Tahitensis

Palatability of beef refers to what three main attributes?

Tenderness, Juiciness, & Flavor

Approximately how many varieties of tomatoes are grown?

10000

What is the active enzyme in rennet? And what does it do to milk?

chymosin - breaks down the milk protein casein to paracasein which combines with ca to form calcium paracaseinate which separates out

The standard identity for yogurt in the US requires the presence of what 2 organisms?

Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and streptococcus thermophilius

Give three classes of enzymes relevant to foods.

Oxidoreductases; Hydrolases; Lyases; Isomerases

What is the legal limit of total SO2 in wine in the US?

350 mg/L

Guillain-barre syndrome caused by?

camphylobacter jejuni: ascending paralysis

Name four types of sucrose used in industry.

bottler's, canners, liquid, granulate (sanding, baker's special, cordial, fine, gelatin, unigran), powdered/ confectionary sugar, brown sugar (dark and light)

What is the 12D process?

the time/temperature process that will reduce the microbe spore population (typically C. bot) by 12 log cycles

If you had 10 mL of sweetened iced tea that was 10% sucrose, how much water would you add to dilute the tea to 0.1% sucrose?

990mL water

8 cups is how many gallons?

Half gallon

Define and differentiate between the terms “thermoset” (thermally reversible) and “thermoplastic” (thermally irreversible) with regard to protein gel formation and give an example of each.

Thermoset gels form irreversible cross-links and cannot revert back to initial state like muscle proteins(myosin), egg white proteins (ovalbumin). Thermoplastic gels form gels on cooling after heating, and can revert fully or partially back to solution upon reheating like collagen (gelatin)

Enzyme pills available over the counter can be added to milk to predigest lactose to glucose and galactose. The name of the enzyme is ....

Lactase (b-galactosidase) or Lactase

During which phase of microbial growth is bacteria the easiest to kill?

log or exponential phase

What does IQF stand for?

Individually quick frozen

What does "ETEC" stand for in microbiology?

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Who was the president of the US when the USDA was formed?

Abraham Lincoln

Countries of origin for cheeses: Paneer Colby Gouda Jarlsberg Ardrahan

Paneer: India Colby: US Gouda: Netherlands Jarlsberg: Norway Ardrahan: Ireland

What is the name of a vitamin B2 deficiency?

ariboflavinosis

List 5 types of bonds that important for the structure of proteins.

covalent, hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide, electrostatic

What is another name for carob gum?

Locust Bean Gum

What is an emerging infectious disease (EID)?

an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future

What are the units for basal metabolic rate?

J/hkg bodymass

Which compound is responsible for umami flavor?

MSG

What is the difference between a high-methoxyl pectin and low methoxyl pectin?

High-methoxyl pectin requires a significant amount of sugar to gel properly, but low-methoxyl pectin requires less.

What enzyme is responsible for the development of garlic aroma upon cutting or cellular damage?

Allinase

What is "latent heat of vaporization"?

The amount of energy required to convert a unit mass of liquid to gas at its boiling point.

What does it mean for data to be accurate?

that data is close to the true value of measurement

What sweeteners are used in Coca Cola zero sugar?

Aspartame and acesulfame K

The oxidation of the iron in myoglobin to the ferric state results in the brown pigment called...

metmyoglobin

An important group of non-starch polysaccharides that contributes to the baking quality of rye flour is what?

pentosans

What sort of high gluten flour is used for making pasta?

Durum flour

What are covalent chemical bonds linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a protein chain called?

peptide bonds

The first rDNA food additive sold in the USA was?

recombinant chymosin

What vertebra is found in a T bone steak?

lumbar vertebra

Xenobiotic definition?

substances that are foreign to the body or to an ecological system

What are the five types of bonds found in proteins?

Peptide, Ionic, disulfide, Hydrogen, hydrophobic interactions

The force required to bite through something describes which sensory attribute?

Hardness

Often phage or viruses are used for DNA cloning, what is the process called?

Transduction

What is the second most predominant fatty acid in beef and pork?

palmitic acid

What are the three major genera of mycotoxin producing fungi?

aspergillus, penicillium, fusarium

If capillary breakage occurs in fat, the condition is commonly referred to as what?

Fiery Fat

% fat content existing as TAG in dairy?

98%

What is maximum level of nitrites allowed in finished hams?

200 ppm

Which food additive did Morton Salt add to their product that allows them to say "When it rains, it pours"?

calcium silicate

Rate the following materials from lowest thermal conductivity value to highest: water, aluminum, stainless steel, glass, air, copper

air, water, glass, stainless steel, aluminum, copper

Hyperuricemia or the buildup of excessive uric acid results in what?

Gout

The statistical test for comparison of means from small sample size (n less than 30) based upon their distribution when the standard deviation is known as

The t-distribution or Student's t-distribution

Enzymes that catalyze transphosphorylation are called:

Kinases

What is hysteresis?

Hysteresis represent the history dependence of physical systems. If you push on something, it will yield: when you release, does it spring back completely? If it doesn't, it is exhibiting hysteresis, in some broad sense.

What are the 2 principle mechanisms by which preservatives stop the growth of microorganisms?

water availability and acidity

The USDA Farm Service Agency was founded in 1935. It has undergone many name changes. List 4 of its previous names.

Farm security administration, resettlement administration, commodity stabilization service, agricultural stabilization and conservation service, consolidated farm service agency

What are the ten Focus Areas of IFT?

Food, health and nutrition; food ingredients and additives; food business trends; emerging science and technologies; food policy; food processing and packaging; food quality; product development; food safety and defense; sustainability

what is the ideal pork color described in the pork quality standards?

reddish pink

Name 4 basic requirements that are necessary during aseptic packaging.

sterile environment (or aseptic zones), sterilize product contact surface of the package by using heat/chemicals/high energy radiation, hermetically sealed containers, monitoring of critical factors such as air quality, sealing, temperature

What is the word that means “to the tooth” when referring to cooking pasta?

Al dente

Spherification is a culinary process of shaping liquids into spheres. It was developed first by what company?

Unilever

Coliform general characteristics.

rod-shaped Gram-negative nonspore forming and motile or nonmotile bacteria that can ferment lactose with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C.

What value is the time required to have 1 log reduction in microorganisms or spores in a sample at a specific temperature?

D-value

On St Patricks day, which food is used to color beer green?

Spinach

Name the favorite drink of the fictional secret agent James Bond and how he likes it served.

Dry Martini, shaken not stirred (vodka martini and dirty martini acceptable)

In sensory analysis what is the term for when the brain allows very specific positive traits to influence overall evaluation?

Halo effect

What type of structure is whipped cream?

Foam

What is a sporf?

a utensil that combines characteristics of a spoon, fork and knife.

What are some of the benefits of using a conveyor system in an air impingement oven?

help cook food well/evenly, control temperature and time, control cooking, cook large amounts of food in a continuous process, shorter process times, improved product quality, can use for both heating and freezing foods

What is all purpose cake flour protein content?

0.117

What does FID stand for?

Flame ionization detector

Which vegetable was considered an object of worship in ancient Egypt and was often buried in the tombs of Pharaohs?

Onion

Too much iron can cause:

hemochromatosis

State veg of oklahoma?

Watermelon

Rank sweetness from highest to lowest.

Sucralose > stevia > aspartame > sucrose > maltose

Which genera of bacteria can fluoresce and spoil fresh cut vegetables and meat?

Pseudomonas

A wheat class that is used to make stiff doughs for pasta products is: A) soft B) hard C) durum

C) durum

In a solution with a pH of 5, what is the charge of chitosan?

positive (pKa at 6.5)

The main salt soluble protein of meat is:

myosin (actomyosin post rigor)

What are some disadvantages of aseptic processing?

over processing, not easy to ensure the sterility of all equipment used in the process, products that contain particulates processed at high temperatures lose shape and form during the heating and cooling steps

What is the term for when electrons occupy free orbitals of cations in a salt/water solution?

aqua complex

Name five climacteric fruits.

Kiwi Banana tomato, avocado, apple, pear, plum, apricot, papaya, passion fruit, plantain

How much heat is needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius?

1 Kelvin

The deficiencies of what cause these diseases: scurvy, beri beri, pellagra

Scurvy: vitamin C; beri beri: thiamine; pellagra: niacin

Name two types of heat exchangers used to process particulate foods?

Scraped surface and tubular

What are some of the factors that affect the dielectric properties of foods?

frequencies, food composition, moisture content, product temperature, physical state of water in the food, fat content, and product density

Veal is meat from a calf that is: A. 4 months old or younger, B. fed grain for at least 130 days, c. younger than 1 year of age, or D. 2 years or older

A. 4 months old or younger

Name the year following major laws were published: Pure food and drug act, food drug and cosmetic act, Nutrition labeling and education act, US organic food production act, food safety modernization act

PFDA: 1906 FDCA: 1938 NLEA: 1990 USOFPA: 1990 FSMA: 2011

What is the most heat resistant pathogen found in milk?

coxiella burnetii

What 4 micronutrients are necessary on nutrition labels according to the 2016 FDA format?

Vitamin D, Calcium, Iron, Potassium

The n-acetylmuramidase enzyme found in egg whites that hydrolyzes the cell walls of gram positive bacteria has the common name.

lysozyme

What two factors determine the melting range of a lipid?

unsaturation (or saturation) and carbon chain length

Why is "Japanese" or "short grain" rice more sticky than "indian" or "long grain" rice after cooking?

waxy variety (high amylopectin). Long grain rice has more amylose, and gives off less starch than short grain, high amylopectin rice.

In what movie is the White Russian the cocktail of choice for the main character, the Dude?

The Big Lebowski

What is the name of the reagent used in food analysis which forms a fluorescent compound with primary amines?

Fluorescamine

The Baby Ruth candy bar was introduced in 1920 by the Curtis Candy Co. Who is it named after?

Eldest daughter of President Grover Cleveland (not the baseball player)

What are some ways to heat process food?

retort, aseptic, pasteurize, blanch, hot fill

Which of the following is a tall cocktail glass that holds up to 12 oz of liquid? A. Old fashioned B. Highroller C. Snifter D. Highball

D. Highball

What year were red m&ms discontinued due to concern over red dye no.2?

1976, they were brought back in 1987

What is the main difference between a food intolerance and a food allergy?

food intolerance deals with the digestive system and food allergy with the immune system

Why do bacteriologists incubate pathogens at 37 deg C?

it is the human body temperature

What are the advantages of traditional thermal processing over non-thermal processing?

Thermal processing can destroy spores

The USDA-FSIS currently (2008) recognizes high-pressure processing as an acceptable food safety intervention for eliminating which food pathogen from processed meat products

Listeria monocytogenes

In what year was there a patent registered for use of a commercial refrigeration process for fish?

1842

Name four gluten-free grains.

Oats, rice, buckwheat, corn, sorghum, rye

What does a conductivity meter measure?

The ability of a solution to conduct electric current

What defect in Frankfurter's is causes when there is too much connective tissue?

Gelling out

There are many types of ISM bands available for dielectric heating, what does ISM stand for?

Industrial Scientific Medical

What is the compound responsible for the strong aroma of blue cheeses?

2-heptanone

What is accomplished by passing steaks or boneless sub-primals through a bank of needles or through a steak macerator?

Mechanical Tenderization

By what other name is goose liver patte known?

Foie Gras

What is a batter-like meat product produced by forcing bones with attached edible meat under high pressure through a sieve or similar device to separate the bone from the edible meat tissue?

Mechanically Separated (deboned) meat

Name 7 of the 9 major cereal crops grown in the world.

wheat, barley, maize, millet, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, oats

Name 3 blood plasma lipid classes

HDL, LDL, VLDL

What chemical name of the water-soluble pigment of the cochineal insect?

carmine or carminic acid

Name a tree fruit that is referred to as a vegetable.

Cucumber, pepper, corn, tomato

The temperature at which water boils_______ as elevation increases?

Decreases

What is petroleum ether?

Mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons

Why are linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acid considered essential fatty acids?

Answer: they are omega 3 fatty acids taken through diet, because they cannot be synthesized by humans (N six and N three fatty acids cannot be synthesized in vivo)

Why does water have a high specific heat?

Stabilizing effect of hydrogen bonding

A food that is marketed as a modified food which does not fully meet the requirements of the standard is classified as

modified or immitaiton version of the standard food

What food components are measured by the following. 1. Karl fisher itration, 2. Nekson’s reagent, 3. Anthrone method

1. Water, 2. Protein, 3. Carbohydrate

PSE pork is an important problem that occurs in certain breeds of hog. PSE stands for what?

Pale, Soft, Exudative

Define viscosity.

The state of being thick, sticky and semifluid due to internal friction. measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress

The endosperm of wheat consists of starch granules embedded in a what?

protein matrix

What graphs the relationship betwee water content and water activity?

sorption isotherm

What does MSG stand for?

monosodium glutamate

What milk protein is responsible for iron binding and enhanced iron adsorption into the body?

Lactoferrin

What military leader offered a prize to scientists to develop preserved foods for the armies of France?

Napoleon Bonaparte [Napoleon's Food Preservation Prize (1795)]

What is the standard texture scale used in sensory analysis?

general foods texture profile method

What newly-imported substance caused the first major outbreak of tooth decay in Europe in the 1500's?

sugar

What salts can be used to promote coagulation when making tofu?

Calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride

What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato?

Vit A

Why are ethylene absorbers used in apple storage?

Ethylene initiates fruit ripening

Oleuropein causes what fruit to be extremely bitter at harvest?

Olives

What is the common name for 4-amino-2-methyl-1-napthol?

Vitamin K (other names include menadiol acetate, menadiol sodium phosphate, and phylloquinone)

Potassium sorbate is primarily used as a food preservative. Why is it used more than its acid form, sorbic acid?

Because the salt is more soluble in foods than the acid.

What does CAFO stand for?

concentrated animal feeding operation

What are the four main requirements in an aseptic system?

aseptic processing and equipment, aseptic packaging and sealing hermetically in an aseptic environment, monitoring, and proper handling of finished products

In brewing, saccharification means

enzymatic hydrolysis of malt starches to simple sugars

What is struvite?

Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals which look like glass and are sometimes found in canned tuna fish

2 ketogenic amino acids

lysine, leucine

Name 4 fruits that are members of the rose family.

pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries

What bacteria is added to Swiss cheese for eye formation?

Propionibacterium shermanii

The hydrolysis of a specific bond in kappa casein (phe 105 - Met 106) results in what?

destabilization of the casein micelles (cheese curd formation)

Cleavage of K-casein gives

para kappa casein, glycomacropeptide

Prior to dehydration, many fruits are exposed to sulfur gas in order to prevent microbial growth and browning.

True

Who is the southeast area meeting chair this year and what school are they from?

Carter Reed University of Georgia

How many flowers do honeybees visit to make 1 pound of honey?

~2 mil

In 2008, the author of Modern Food Microbiology, currently in its 7 revision, passed away. Who is this author?

James Jay

Roquefort cheese is made from the milk of what animal?

Sheep

Which are the 'three sister plants' of Indigenous American agriculture?

Corn, bean, squash

Determine whether the following characteristics are of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells:

does not have membrane bound organelles (pro) true nucleus (eu) Size 10 ^100 (Eu) does not have membrane bound organelles (pro) unicellular (pro)

What are the ingredients of TGY agar?

trypton, glucose and yeast extract

What is the most effective way of inactivating botulism toxin?

Heat

In culinary terms, what can be meat from deer, elk, moose, antelope, caribou, and pronghorn?

venison

Who was the 1st IFT president?

Samuel C. Prescott

Two bacteriocides allowed in foods.

xanthan gum, gellan gum

Polymorphic forms of lipids in chocolate?

What is the difference in a wild and controlled fermentation?

Controlled adds microorganism and wild uses those already present

Cherries, pears, and apples belong to what botanical family?

Rose

Why is lactose-free milk sweeter than regular milk?

Lactose converted to glucose + galactose

Give 3 methods for assessing protein quality.

BV, per, net protein utilization, amino acid score, net protein ratio, relative protein value, PDCAAS

T/F: Both carrots and potatoes are tubers.

False, carrots are roots.

What effect is described by a visco elastic fluid climbing an impeller shaft during mixing or agitation?

The Weissenberg Effect

According to the National Yogurt Association, what is the minimum number of active bacteria in final product for it to be called live active culture?

8 log CFU, 10^8 CFU

What is the molarity of pure HCL in a pH 7 solution?

10-7 molar

Prevention of damage in food during freezing is promoted by slow cooling to minimize ice nucleation. True or False?

False

Classifying the following into either primary, secondary, or tertiary types of packaging. Cartons, boxes, trays, wrappers, pallets, bags

Primary – trays, bags, cartons, (boxes), wrappers Secondary – boxes Tertiary – pallets, wrappers

Why are "cereal adjuncts" added in beer making?

Cereal Adjuncts can impact color, flavor, and stability of the product.

Furfural mercaptan is a volatile largely found in what food?

Fresh roasted coffee

Name 3 sources of caffeine

Caffeine is an alkaloid occurring naturally in some 60 plant species, of which cocoa beans, kola nuts, tea leaves and coffee beans are the most well-known. Other natural sources of caffeine include yerba maté, guarana berries, guayusa, and the yaupon holly.

One of the benefits of IFT professional membership is the ability to apply for CFS status. What does CFS stand for?

Certified Food Scientist

What is the number of equivalent minutes at 121 C delivered to a container of product calculated using a z value of 10 C known as?

F or sterilization process equivalent time

Vanilla beans are extracted from which of the following types of trees? A. Orchids B. Palm trees C. Shrub D. Wines

Orchids

What are two types of enzymatic spoilage caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens refrigerated foods?

proteolysis and lipolysis

What are two fats/oils in the class known as Lauric Acid fats because it has high content of Lauric Acid (Dodecanoic 12:0).

Coconut oil and palm kernel oil

Which branches of the federal government are involved in regulation of the u.s. food supply?

all 3 (FDA,USDA,EPA)

What region of the protein molecule is attracted by fat in a sausage batter?

hydrophobic

What term refers to the percentage change in length of a material due to pulling stress before breakage?

elongation or strain

What are four ways to inhibit enzymatic browning?

Decrease pH, HPP, addition of sulfites, addition of antioxidants, chelation of copper, prevent exposure to oxygen, MAP, freezing, dehydration

Which vitamins are destroyed by alcohol?

B complex vitamins

Which food component is used to accurately determine digestibility? Lipid, amino acid, fiber

Fiber

What is the simple term for conversion of raw materials or ingredients into a consumer food product?

Food Processing & Engineering

What three cereal grains contribute more than 50% of all calories consumed by humans worldwide?

Rice wheat and corn

Name 5 microorganisms that have been associated with food poisoning outbreaks.

C. botulinum, C. perfringens, B. cereus, S. aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes

What is the most well-known USDA Certified Program and is identified with carcass specification G1?

Certified Angus Beef

Brassica family vegetables.

Broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, turnips

What was the original inspiration for the Margherita pizza using basil, tomatoes, and mozzarella?

the Italian flag (green, white, and red)

What does the Italian word linguine mean?

Little tongue.

What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?

exocrine function: aids in digestion, endocrine function: regulates blood sugar levels

The study of dielectric properties concerns ____ and ____ of electric and magnetic energy in materials

storage and dissipation

Two reasons why pectic enzyme preparations from Aspergillus Niger are often used during fruit juice production.

Answer: it is to increase yield and increase clarity

What are 4 officer positions on the National IFT Executive Committee?

Chairman, Chairman-elect, secretary, treasurer, councilor, alternate councilor, member at large

What is the name of the protein responsible for oxygen transport in the body?

Hemoglobin

What 2 chemicals are generally used to prevent browning in fruit?

sulfur dioxide and ascorbic acid

What type of flask is used for the flotation, separation and analysis of extraneous matter?

wildman trap flask

What isomer is less expensive than Vitamin C?

Erythorbic acid

What part of the plant does ginger come from?

Root

Name 3 hard cheeses.

common hard cheeses: asiago, parmigiano reggiano, pecorino, parmesan, cheshire, gruyere, cheddar, gouda, manchego, (for more hard cheeses see source, has over 500 hard type cheeses)

What organic acids are associated with the following fruits? Apples, grapes and oranges

apples – malic acid, grapes – tartaric acid, oranges – citric acid

Five other vegetables have the same species name as head cabbage (brassica oleracea). Name two.

Broccoli, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, Collards

Under what Presidential Administration was FSMA signed into law?

Barack Obama

What is the concern between eating canned white tuna versus canned light tuna?

canned white tuna is made from albacore which has 3 times the amount of mercury than skipjack tuna used in light tuna products.

What food is made by specially fattening the liver of a duck or goose?

Foi Gras

Why should olive oil be stored in a dark environment?

prevent photooxidation of PUFAs

What is the first degree breed of dairy cattle in the US?

Holstein

What is the scale to measure percent sugar?

Brix

What is the rarest most expensive caviar called?

Sterlet- tiny egg

What is the term for movement of a flavor compound out of a food product and into its packaging?

Sorption (or scalping or leaching)

Name 8 of the 12 methods to preserve foods.

pickling, salting, smoking, canning, bottling, pasteurization, refrigeration, sterilization, dehydration, lyophilization, chemical additives, radiation

Oxygen storage in slow twitch fibers is achieved by what molecule?

Myoglobin

What beverage is caramel color most used for?

coloring beer

Which is the 2nd most abundant polysachharide?

chitin

What is the name for the Italian-style sausage composed of very finely chopped, cured pork and beef with added cubes of white fat; delicately spiced with garlic, nutmeg and coriander; stuffed into larger diameter casing and sliced?

Mortadella

Name 4 of the eight names of dark roast coffee.

Expresso, high, continental, New Orleans, European, Viennese, Italian or French.

What is the more common name for (alpha-D-gal;actopyranosyl-(1_6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside?

Raffinose

How many square centimeters in a standard Petri dish?

35mm--area of 8.55 square cm. 50 mm or 5 cm--area of 19.60 square cm. 100 mm or 9 cm-- area of 56.75 square cm. 135 mm-- area of 143 square cm.

Identify which cereal grains contain gluten: teff, oats, buckwheat, triticale, monleena

only triticale

What are the 4P of food marketing?

Place, price, promotion, product

What are the 7 steps of HAACP?

Conduct a hazard analysis, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, monitor critical limits, define corrective actions, establish verification, keep records

A vitamin that is a 6-carbon compound with a very similar structure to glucose and is found in fruits and vegetables is what?

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

According to FDA, what is the only fish that produces real caviar?

Sturgeon

What is the complementary nucleotide sequence to A-G-C-T?

T-C-G-A

In Italy, a 'quattro formaggi' pizza contains what?

Four cheeses

What are the top 3 sea foods consumed in the U.S.?

Shrimp, Salmon, Tuna

Botrytis cinerea is a mold found on grapes. What 2 wines styles require botrytis during growing or processing?

Sauternes and Tokaji

What meant standing in old french but now means tough bread?

stale

What is the name of cooking technique that involves cooking an item by submerging it in a liquid that is barely simmering?

Poaching

How does Food irradiation kill pathogens?

The ionizing radiation sends enough energy into the bacterial or mold cells in the food to break chemical bonds.

In which year did belgian chemist ernest solvay patented his method for the industrial production of sodium carbonate?

1882

What type of oil is consumed the most around the world?

Soyabean

What is another name for a single banana?

Finger

Give 3 visible signs of chilling injury.

poor ripening, pitting, collapse of structural integrity, development of off-flavors and rotting

How many oxygen molecules can bind to hemoglobin?

Scotch whisky’s distinctive flavor comes from what?

smoke from the use of peat

What amino acids comprise aspartame?

Phenyl alanine and aspartic acid.

Conditionally essential amino acids.

arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine.

Which country banned U.S. poultry imports in march of 2002?

russia

When making extra virgin olive oil what is the maximum number of hours required from harvest to processing?

What is the main type of bond found in starch molecules?

Covalent bond

What does the M in M & Ms stand for?

Mars & Murrie, to co-creators of the candy

Another name for thermal death time is

F value or sterilization value

Hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine in collagen is an important step leading to what?

conversion of a-chains, b and g chains (crosslinks),,, The collagen molecules are then spontaneously self-assembled into a fibril and stabilized by covalent intra- and inter-molecular covalent cross-linking

Which fruit has its seeds on the outside?

The strawberry

What are the Delvo and Charm tests used for?

Testing for the presence of antibiotics in milk

Polyethylene is most often used in laminated packaging materials for __________

heat sealability

In a water molecule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?

unshared oxygen electrons

What compound is generally used as the standard for bitterness in sensory evaluation?

caffeine or quinine solution

What is the difference between single and double acting baking powder?

Single has 1 acid whereas double has 2 acids; single acting reacts once it is exposed to moisture, double acting reacts when it is exposed to moisture and reacts again when it is exposed to heat

Give the names of the essential fatty acids for human nutrition.

Linoleic and a-Linolenic acids

(Bonus) For fluids, flowing through a pipe. Name the four parameters included in the calculation of Reynolds number.

viscosity, pipe diameter, velocity, density (Re: Dv(rho)/(nu))

Resistance temperature detectors, also known as RTD are PTC sensors. What does PTC stand for?

positive temperature coefficient

Name the countries where the following traditional dishes originate? Baklava, suya, loco moco

Turkey baklava , suya is from Nigeria, and loco moco is in the United States.

What are the two main overall hop categories used in brewing?

aromatic hops and bittering hops

What is the original name for the kiwi fruit?

Chinese gooseberry

How many pecks are in a bushel? 2, 4, 8, 16

b. 4

Arthur D Little attributed with

Development of flavor profile

What are edible meat by-products better known as?

Variety meats

Difference between glucose and galactose

4th carbon hydroxyl group orientation

Name the 10 states in the FoodNet active Surveillance Program.

California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Oregon and Tennessee

A soxhlet extractor was originally designed to extract what from solid foods?

Lipids

What is the main difference between the yeast used for ales and lagers?

The yeasts used for ales are top-fermenting and work at 10-25 C, while those used for lager are bottom fermenting and work lower temperatures around 7-15 C.

What does IUPAC stand for?

Int union of pure and applied chemists

What toxin is found in potatoes?

Solanin

Name the four types of chemical bonding that occur during bread dough mixing and kneading.

disulfide interchange, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic interactions

Role of nitrous oxide in color protection

Antioxidant

The odor of spoilt fish is due to :

TMA (trimethylamine) (TMAO is acceptable)

A physical change in an amorphous material promoted by the addition of heat and the uptake of low molecular weight substances called plasticizers is called what?

glass transition

The accumulation of adipose tissue around the bundles of muscle fibers in beef is called what?

marbling

What type of HACCP hazard would jewelry be considered?

Physical

Please name a common detector specifically used to measure volatile sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfide.

PFD – pules flame photometric detection ( other acceptable answers PFD, pulse flame detection or SCD – sulfur chemiluminescence detector)

Which county first produced the croissant?

Austria

What are enantiomers?

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. They are mirror images of each other and refract light differently

What term refers to microorganisms added to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?

probiotics

What is the common name of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, a neurological disease found in sheep?

Scrapie

4 quarts: ? gallon

gallon

What is the difference in a pudding made with an egg substitute instead of a whole egg?

the coagulation temperature is lower

What class of chemical compounds are responsible for the brilliant red color in paprika?

Carotenoids

What happens to the properties of a vegetable oil when it is hydrogenated?

increases the melting point

How many coffee beans are present in a cherry?

BlueNalu, a cell-based/cultured seafood developer, is known for it's unique offering of Bluefin Tuna Toro. What part of tuna does the animal-based tuna toro come from?

Fatty belly cut of tuna.

What two myofibrillar proteins form cross-bridges during muscle contraction?

actin and myosin

According to the Beef Steak Color Guide, what end-point cooking temperature (F) is associated with medium rare degree of doneness?

145

Name the following peppers in order from mild to hot: jalapeno, habanero, serrano, poblano, chipotle

poblano, jalapeno, chipotle, serrano, habanero

What are the Standards of Identity for high, medium, and low fat contents in chocolate/cocoa?

High fat (breakfast cocoa) – not less than 22% cocoa fat, Medium fat - less than 22% cocoa fat and not less than 10%, Low fat - less than 10% cocoa fat

What is another name for Sodium Lauryl Sulfate?

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

List sugars of : guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, pectin

Pectin: galactose Guar gum: mannose Xanthan gum: glucose Locust bean gum: mannose

What are some of the disadvantages of frozen foods?

thermal abuse during transportation/storage (warming or freezing product), ice crystal formation (affects food quality), freeze burn/ice crystal formation breaks down cells

The US Supreme Court unanimously agreed that this item was a vegetable, despite its genus and species.

Tomatoes

What is the main assumption made when dealing with CFUs in microbiology?

every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.

Why was Alum added to a pickle mix?

It was added for crispiness but no longer recommended

What is the major fatty acid in soybeans?

linoleic acid

What is chill proofing of beer?

Addition of papain to prevent haze due to interaction between protein and tannins

What is the difference between recombinant vs. natural bovine growth hormone?

Recombinant has extra methionine

If oxygen attacks an unsaturated fatty acid at the double bond what is the resultant product?

aldehydes (2 aldehydes)

The sterilization value, also known as F sub zero describes what?

the integrated impact of time and temperature on the microbial population, expressed as time at the reference temperature, calculated by using the lethal rate times heating time

In a sensory what are the sensations elicited by volatile compounds?

Odour, smell

Who conducts the voluntary seafood inspection program on a fee-for-service basis?

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

What are 3 reasons for piling blocks of curd during the cheddaring process?

Acid development, texture development, uniform heating

Name the toxic substances in unprocessed cassava roots.

cyanogenic glycosides (lenamaric, lotaustralin)

What type of heat exchanger is preferable for high viscosity sauces/foods in an aseptic process system?

scraped-surface

What is the name for the outside coating of wheat?

Bran

What is activation energy?

energy required to start a chemical/enzymatic reaction

Food Chemistry codex publisher is:

US Pharmacoepia

The main lipid class in lean or low fat fish is ____________?

Phospholipids

What are the 4 principle sweeteners used in icings and glazes?

sucrose, dextrose, invert sugar and corn syrup

What are the labels on a 9-point hedonic scale?

Neutral; Like/Dislike Extremely, Very Much, Moderately, Slightly

Russia did not classify beer as an alcoholic product till what year? 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011

2011

Which citrus fruit has an edible sweet peel?

Kumquat

What is the % by weight of water in a watermelon?

92%

Name 4 distilled beverages and the product that is distilled to make them?

brandy – wine, vodka – cereal grain or potatoes, gin – juniper berries, rum – sugarcane byproducts (molasses, honey, sugarcane juice), tequila – blue agave, mezcal – agave, whiskey – fermented grain mash

What happens to a catalyst in a reaction?

Concentration remains same (ideally)

How many divisions are currently part of IFT?

What is the scientific name for common wheat?

Triticum aestivum

What is the act of debasing food using food additives?

Adulteration

On 9/30/85, IFT OSPA became a functioning entity to establish IFT as the authoritative source of info on food science and technology. What does the acronym OSPA stand for?

office of scientific public affairs

In August of 2013 Chef, Richard McMullen, cooked what kind of food for the first time.

Hamburger that was made with lab grown meat.

What equipment is preferred to sterilize canned soups?

Rotary retort

What type of sugar is cotton candy made up of?

Granulated sugar

Name the predominant organic acids in the following products. Grape Fruit, grapes, oranges, and vinegar.

Answer: Grapefruit: citric acid, Grape: citric acid Orange: tartaric acid, Vinegar: acetic acid

What does LD50 mean?

The average amount of a drug, toxin, chemical substance/mixture or microorganism capable of killing 1/2 of the test animals exposed under specific test conditions. Median lethal dose (LD50) is commonly expressed in mg/kg, by oral intake or skin exposure.

What is the minimum recommended doneness (F) for a whole chicken?

165

What is the medical term or name given to the condition where bacteria are actively multiplying in the bloodstream?

Septicemia

Why do you have to blanch fruits and vegetables before canning?

soften texture, remove oxygen, inactivate enzymes, cleans surface (removes dirt and organisms), brightens color, helps reduce loss of vitamins

Which kind of Carageenan is associated with the formation of a thixotropic gel?

iota carrageenan

What are some of the advantages of resistance temperature detectors (also known as RTD)?

most accurate sensors for industrial applications and have the best long-term stability, can cover a wide range of temperatures, and can hook up to a computer

What commercial product can be described as dilute acetic acid?

Vinegar

Who won the calvert wiley award for distinguished service to IFT in 2017?

V.M. Balasubramaniam

What are the 3 principle ingredients of home baking powder?

sodium bicarbonate, monocalcium phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate

How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an oreo cookie?

twelve

What is the primary purpose of retorting low aci canned foods?

reduce spores of C. bot by 10^12

What color are anthocyanins at acidic pH and basic pH?

acidic=red, basic=blue or yellow

Classification of cheese according to FDA

Unpast processed cheese, unpast processed cheese spread, ''' cream

What is ageusia?

The inability to taste

What is the pH of chyme in human stomach?

about 2

What kind of an emulsion is mayonnaise?

Oil in water

What are the subtractive primaries?

cyan, magenta, and yellow

What are the 3 types of still retorts?

vertical, horizontal, and hydrostatic

Who is the current chair of Feeding Tomorrow?

Bernhard van Lengerich

What does IMPS stand for?

Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications

Name three functions of enzymes used as food additives

speed up reaction; lower viscosity; improve extractions; enhance separations; improve their flavor, texture, digestibility, and nutritional value, enhancing product yield, improve preservation

What general class of packaging materials is used in aseptic brick packs and pringle cans?

laminates

Which equation describes the relationship between temperature and water activity?

Clausius Clapeyron Equation

What proteolytic enzymes are located in lysosomes?

cathepsins

Give the 3 main polymorphic forms of crystalline fat and their general characteristics.

alpha - lowest melting point, least dense, used in foams, lowest stability. Beta prime- median melting point, median density, smooth textures, creaming properties beta - highest melting point high density, highest stability

What does the term oleogustation refer to?

the taste of fat

What is the cause of the stale flavor in milk?

Oxidation

What is the major assumption made when dealing with CFU in microbiology?

Each individual colony is originated from one original bacterial cell All the cells within each colony forming unit is homogenous

Name 2 nonenzymatic browning reactions.

Caramelization and Maillard

What percent of the Earth's water is potable, or fresh-water?

2.5%

What is the pH range of beer? a. 2-3 b. 3-5 c. 5-6 d. 6-7

b. 3-5

What is the only fruit or vegetable that is never sold processed, only fresh?

Lettuce

Preferred by one in five Americans, which is the most popular flavor of pie in the US? A. Apple B. Cherry C. Pumpkin D. Chicken

A. Apple

Of the following which is a fermented product: bologna, summer sausage, brausweiger or bratwurst?

summer sausage

Who is the president of IFT?

Cindy Stewart

What are the enzymes calpains and cathepsins associated with?

Meat tenderization/ degradation

What talk show host was sued by cattle producers because of an episode aired in April 1996 about Mad Cow Disease?

Oprah Winfrey

What organism can cause symptoms similar to appendicitis?

yersinia enterocolitica

From what amino acid is serotonin derived?

L-tryptophan

Name three classes of flavonoids.

anthocyanidins, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins, etc

What has the least number of calories: raw potatoes or potatoes boiled in their skin?

raw potatoes

What popular canned sausages, similar to frankfurters, although more bland in flavor and smaller?

vienna sausages

The type of chromatography used to separate color pigments is A) GC, B) Thin layer, C) HPLC and D) Paper

Paper

What are the 3 major physiological stages of fruits and vegetables?

Growth, maturation, senescence

There are 3 saturated sugar solutions: fructose, glucose, sucrose. List the order in which sugars would crystallize.

sucrose(doesn't mutarotae), glucose, fructose

What is the artificial sweetener that was recently removed in 2000 from the carcinogen list?

Saccharin

IFT is celebrating an anniversary of CFS certification. What anniversary of CFS is taking place in 2018, and what milestone is being reached with the number of certified food scientists?

5 year anniversary, 2000 CFSs

What do you have to correct for after total dietary fiber

nitrogen in ash fro protein

Name three artificial sweeteners that are approved for use in the U.S.

Aspartame, Saccharin, Acesulfame K + others

The door of a microwave is often glass with a metal mesh imbedded, why is that so?

while microwaves can go through glass, they cannot go through metal, and so the mesh has holes small enough that microwaves cannot pass through but allows for the person to view the food inside

Stale beer frequently contains elevated levels of what compound?

trans-2-nonenal

What is aspartame made of?

aspartic acid and phenylalanine (acceptable to add “and methanol”)

What is regression analysis?

statistical method to analyze a relationship between 2 or more variables such that 1 of them can be predicted by using the information of the others.

Knowing the water and sugar content of foods and beverages is important. Name 3 methods to measure the sugar content in food and 2 to determine the water content.

Sugar - refractometry, density, titrations (Rebelein, Lany-Eynon), UV/VIS spectroscopy (anthrone method, phenol-sulfuric acid method), chromatography, enzymatic Water – Karl Fischer titration, thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopic analysis, GC, density, refractometry

What is the temperature and time range for commercial sterilization?

116-121 C (240-250 F) for 50-90 min

Why does the pH of albumen in freshly laid eggs change from 7.6 to 9.7 during storage?

diffusion of solubilized CO2 through the shell

For each fruit provide the season (autumn, winter, spring, and summer) for when they are harvested. Pears, blueberries, dates, oranges, pomegranates, cherries, limes

pear – autumn (late summer is acceptable) Blueberries – summer (spring is also acceptable) Dates – Summer Oranges – winter Pomegranates – fall and/or winter Cherries – summer Limes - summer

What are the four categories of food additives established by the FDA?

GRAS, prior sanctioned, regulated, banned

Name the first genetically modified produce allowed by the FDA to hit the market?

Flavr-Savr tomatoes

What is the major whey protein in milk?

beta lactoglobulin (about 65%)

What fish produces red caviar?

Salmon

What is ohmic heating?

it is where an electrical current is passed through a suitable conducting product causing it to heat

Tapioca starch comes from?

cassava

Name 5 food components as identified by “proximate” analysis.

Protein, carbohydrate (NFE), water, ash, lipid, fiber

CMC is a subgroup of the society of Dyers and Colorists of great britain. This subgroup is the organization that developed and published in 1988 a more logical, ellipse-based equation based on L*C*h˚ color space for computing DE (see delta E*) values as an alternative to the rectangular coordinates of the CIELAB color space.What does CMC stand for?

Color Measurement Committee

What is the standard against which all sweeteners are measured in terms of their quality of taste and taste profile?

sucrose (taste sugar)

In sauerkraut production, salt promotes the growth of what group of bacteria?

lactic acid bacteria

What enzyme causes browning in apples?

polyphenol oxidase

Essential amino acids.

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

What type of enzymes are commonly added to fruit prior to juice production?

pectic enzymes (specifically polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, and cellulases, and other enzymes)

Name 3 pieces of equipment that thermocouples are frequently used in

ovens, furnaces, flue gas, and other areas that have temperatures above 250 C

What does Phenol sulfuric acid value tell you?

total carbohydrate

What is misbranding?

a food has been improperly labeled or filled/packaged to be misleading

The Mcllhenny company, a producer of tabasco is located on which island?

Avery island

Which is the Sweetner developed by Cargill?

Eversweet

Promortion of which food product in Africa won 2016 world food prize?

Orange fleshed sweet potato

How is citron different from most other citrus fruit?

It is primarily pith with only a small amount of juice/pulp

In what year was food technology first published?

1947

Is apple juice sweeter when it is colder?

yes

In what year was the poultry products inspection act passed, and what did it do?

1957, made poultry inspection mandatory for any processor that ships products in interstate commerce

Name 3 types of aseptic packages.

preformed (cans, cups, glass, bottles), laminates and plastic containers, thermo-fill-seal, bags and pouches, and blow molded containers

What is the most popular fish in alaska?

coho salmon

In a water molcule, what are the H-bond acceptor sites?

H-O bonds

What are some of the disadvantages of a tubular heat exchanger?

excessive pressure drops, inability to open and inspect surfaces, only 70-75% regeneration which is lower than plate heat exchangers, fouling tendencies because of low shear, restriction of products by viscosity and particle size

What act of 1999 requires timely reporting of livestock market data?

Livestock mandatory reporting

What is the fibrous Italian cheese, that's name means spun curd due to the due to the unique stretching process?

Pasta filata, also known as “stretched curd” or “spun paste”, refers to the process of heating and stretching curd directly before forming a final cheese

Name two types of rancidity.

Hydrolytic and oxidative

Potassium sorbate can be applied to sausage casings before or after stuffing to retard what?

Yeast, Molds, and select bacteria

What is the maximum ERH considered safe for grain storage?

70% (around 80% ERH moisture grain results in increased respiration and temperature increases)

Dancy, fair, nigerian are types of what?

Tangerines

What are the 5 primary anthocyanidins found in Vitis vinifera grapes?

cyaniding, malvidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin

What enzyme is measured when the Falling number test is used on cereal-based products?

amylase

What are myosin and actin?

major contractile proteins in muscle

Shigellosis is caused by the bacteria Shigella. What common practice can greatly reduce your chances of contracting Shigellosis?

hand washing

Jagermeister is a German digestif made with 56 herbs and spices. Please list 5 of the known (some are kept a trade secret) herbs or spices in this spirit.

citrus peel. Licorice, anise, poppy seeds, saffron, ginger, juniper berries, ginseng, cinnamon (bark), chamomile flowers, lavender, rose hips, red sandalwood, blueberries

When can one-tailed test be used for sensory testing?

Never

Flavor impact component of grapefruit.

nootkatone

The magnification of a microscope with an eye piece of 10X and an objective of 97 X is what?

970X

What is a dielectric material and give an example?

dielectric materials are an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. examples include: porcelain/ceramic, mica, glass, plastics, various metal oxides

When testing for c. perfringens, what is the only test result that is negative suggesting a positive confirmation of c. perfringens?

motility

An object that absorbs light in the red and the blue regions of the visible spectra will appear what hue?

green

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.

What does CAS stand for with regards to poultry processing?

Controlled atmosphere stunning

In beer making, what does IBU stand for and what does it indicate?

International Bitterness Units; measures the concentration of hop compounds in beer, specifically concentration of isohumulone, an acid found in hops that gives beer its bitter taste

Categorize the following breads as being made with enriched or lean dough: Baguette, Brioche, Babka, Challah, Ciabatta, Pita

baguette-lean brioche-enriched babka- enriched (polish) challah-enriched Ciabatta- Lean Pita- lean

In a HACCP plan, an undeclared allergen contamination is considered as what type of hazard?

Chemical

There are nine enzymes involved in the Kreb cycle. Name 4 of them.

1. Citrate synthase, 2. Aconitase, 3. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 4. α-ketogultarate dehydrogenase, 5. Succinyl-CoA synthetase, 6. Succinate dehydrogenase, 7. fumarase, 8. Malate dehydrogenase, 9. pyruvate dehydrogenase

What are the target microorganisms for milk pasteurization?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Coxiella brunetti (brucellosis)

The best Vitamin A precursor that occurs in food is called

B-carotene

What is the normal pH of milk? a. 6.2-6.4 b. 6.5-6.8 c. 7.0-7.3 d. 7.4-7.6

b. 6.5-6.8

What method of food preservation did the Incas first use on potatoes?

freeze-drying

What are the main protein types in: corn, oats, rice?

corn-prolamins, oats-globulins, rice-globulin

What is the approximate fat content(in %) of the following foods? 1 serving of each, Chicken breast, no skin (4 ounces), salmon, king crab, leg of lamb

Chicken breast, no skin, 49% Salmon, 10% King crab~2% Leg of lamb – 21%

Name the fatty acid commonly associated with butter?

Butyric acid

Kielbasa is a polish sausage made primarily of coarsely ground pork with some amount of beef blended in. What is the typical seasoning used in Kielbasa?

Garlic

Why is flavor considered an organoleptic term?

it is considered a blending of aroma and taste

Name four bonds involved in tertiary structure of protein.

Hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen, disulfide

What state did Colby cheese originate in?

Wisconsin

Recommended storage temperature for potatoes is more than 25 degrees C, why?

lower temperatures result in more reducing sugar formation creating the potential for browning when fried, also if stored at a temperature too hot they can form spores

Besides extending shelf life and preventing microbial growth, what is another benefit of reducing the water activity of a food?

a lower water content means a lower product volume, making the product easier and cheaper to transport

Another name for decimal reduction time is?

D-value

Name one of the 3 most popular condiments in German restaurants?

Mustard, Horseradish, Würze, Curry, Ketchup, Sauces

What compounds impart bitterness or astringency to a wine?

Tannins, phenolic compounds

In regards to cheese, what is an affineur?

Person who ages cheese

What is LD50 value?

dose of a substance that will kill 50% of the test subjects

What is the term that best describes fruits showing a temporary rise in respiration rate after harvest?

Climacteric

Bromate is added to flour for what purpose?

Oxidizing agent

Lyophilization refers to the process of what?

Freeze Drying

Name two compounds that result in mushroom aroma.

2-octanol, 1-octan-3-one

What is the brand of seasonings/spices most often used in the US?

Mccormick

What company first created condensed soup in 1897?

Campbell's

What breed of cattle produces the most beef in the United States?

Black Angus

What country produces 2/3rds the of the worlds vanilla?

Madagascar

Explain thixotropic and pseudoplastic.

Thixotropy is the property of certain fluids and gels of becoming thinner when a constant force is applied. A pseudoplastic fluid is a fluid that increases viscosity as force is applied. The main difference is that viscosity of thixotropic fluids decreases upon applying a force whereas the viscosity of pseudoplastic fluids increases upon applying a force.

What is a chemical leavening system, and what are the two essential components of a chemical leavening system?

A Chemical leavening system is a system of controlled carbon dioxide release to give rise to baked products, the two components are a leavening agent. sodium bicarbonate) and acidic agent

What are hemolytic bacteria?

bacteria that can lyse blood cells

Among the following plastic films, which one is the most oxygen permeable? Plain celophane wrap, low density polyethylene, mylar (polyester)

low density polyethylene

What is the delaney clause

a clause in the food additives amendment 1958 to the FDCA which prohibits from use in foods any substance found to cause cancer in man or animal

What is the name of the cocktail that contains white rum, mint, soda water, lime juice and sugar?

Mojito

Name two unripened cheeses?

Cottage, cream, ricotta, farmers Neufchatel, mozzarella, queso blanco, quark, camorra, bakers

The Twinkie defense

This packaging material can be made by heating soda ash and sand.

glass

Mezcal is an alternate name of which popular alcoholic beverage?

Taquila when cannot be called tequila

What state designated Jell-O as its "state snack food" in 2001?

Utah

True or False: Flour with a yellow color is more nutritious than white flour because it contains more provitamin A.

False - only one xanthophyll (not in flour) is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals

Give four pulse waveforms used in Pulsed Electric Field.

Exponentially decaying, square wave, bipolar, oscillatory, instant charge reversal pulse

What is microencapsulation?

a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules.

You have 1 gram of each of the following sweeteners. Please list them from most sweet to less sweet. lactose, glucose, aspartame, sucralose, sucrose, saccharin

Sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, sucrose, glucose, lactose

What recipe, first published over 50 years ago, has been requested most frequently through the years by the readers of "Better Homes and Garden"?

The recipe for hamburger pie

What organisms produce a yellow colony on Mannitol salt plates?

Staphylococcus aureus

What organism is responsible for Q fever?

coxiella burnetii

When two particles merge and don't retain their properties

coalescence

Which Opera singer is immortalized in the name of a fruit and ice cream dessert?

Nelli Melba

Name 5 spices that are in curry powder.

cumin, cardamom, coriander, turmeric, mustard, cayenne

Koch's postulates to determine disease causing microbes

(1) The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals; (2) The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual; (3) Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulated the disease; (4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism.

Who is the current director of the FDA?

Dr. Stephen M. Hahn was sworn in as the 24th Commissioner of Food and Drugs on December 17, 2019.

Lactic acid bacteria are a group of gram positive bacteria that are normally acid tolerant and produce lactic acid from a carbohydrate source. Name 5 species of lactic acid bacteria.

Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, pediococcus, streptococcus

What are 4 ways to lower water activity?

dehydration (remove water), concentration (increase solids content), add salt, add sugar (both salt and sugar compete for water)

What is required for a product to bear the label "100% organic"?

Products labeled as “100% organic” must contain only organically produced ingredients and processing aids, excluding water and salt. No other ingredients or additives are permitted.

List 5 of the original ingredients found in Pepsi.

Lemon oil, kola nuts, sugar, water, caramel, nutmeg

What are some advantages of aseptic processing?

What is pH?

the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

What are three different methods for blow molding plastic containers?

extrusion, injection, stretch

What is the Schreiber melt test?

used melt test for cheese where sample discs of known dimensions are heated in an oven and the final diameter of the melted disc is measured.

What are substances that are incorporated into food products in low quantities from processing or packaging perspective?

indirect additives

What are descriptions of routine tasks in a food processing operation?

Standard operating procedures

Why is flash cooling important?

it produces a consistent product density

The IFT annual award that recognizes research accomplishments of an individual 36 years or younger is called___________________.

Samuel Cate Prescott Award

What is the term for a complete set of genetic material in an organism?

Genome

With regards to dairy products, RBSA stands for?

Recombinant bovine serum albumin

What vegetable burns more calories to eat it than the vegetable actually contains?

celery

What happens to lipids in deep frying?

Hydrolytic oxidation and color change

In 1990 which state became the first to ban tetra-pak juice boxes in its landfills?

Maine

What insoluble constituent makes up approximately 12% of an egg’s total weight?

the shell

What does HETP stand for in column design?

Height equivalent to theoretical plate

What enzyme causes hydrolytic rancidity in milk?

Lipase

In 1928, the first automatic bread slicer, developed by Otto Rohwedder was put into service at Frank Bench’s Chillicothe Baking Company. What state did this take place in?

Missouri

What are the 3 simple components of a radio frequency heating system?

radio frequency generator, electrodes, and product

What is the main class of color compounds found in raspberries?

anthocyanins

In the MUG test, what enzyme from E. coli is being tested?

B-glucuronidase

Peppercorns and bay leaf are commonly used spices that give which beef product its distinctive flavor?

corned beef

When and where was the first annual feeding tomorrow for early IFT foundation fund run held?

it was held in New Orleans in 2001

Cooked flavor of milk after thermal processing is because of?

release of sulfur compounds

The FDA action level for mercury in shark and swordfish is: A) zero B) 20 ppb C) 1 ppm D) 10 ppm

C) 1 ppm

What are some of the disadvantages of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?

large sensing element, not possible for continuous or automatic readout, long time constant

How did pound cake get its name?

One pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs and flour in the original recipe)

In brewing, how many kg is equal to one zigner?

Outbreaks of Salmonellosis from consumption of raw almonds in 2000 and 2004 were caused by rare phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis. What were these two rare phage types?

PT 30 in 2000 and PT 9c in 2004

What is the sea foods division of the IFT now known as?

aquatic food products division

What are some ways to reduce non-uniform heating during microwave heating?

rotating food with motorized platter, pre-heating and holding time after the microwave heating, adjusting power settings in microwave ovens

By volume which country is number one in butter and ghee?

India

Sauerkraut results from what type of fermentation process?

lactic acid

Ingestion of high levels of mercury (or mercury intoxication) interferes with the function of which essential mineral in the brain?

Selenium

An emulsified with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value would promote which type of emulsion: oil in water or water in oil?

Oil in water

What is the capacity of a US beer barrel?

31 gallons

Botanical name of wheat.

Triticum

Provide the common name for mahi mahi fish.

dolphin or Dorado

Which federal regulating body requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, and produced under sanitary conditions?

FDA

What is the most common psychrotropic bacteria?

Pseudomonas

This condiment was originally sold as a medicine in the 1830’s.

Ketchup

How many infections of C. Botulism is required to be considered an outbreak?

In 2020, the FDA removed the standard of identity in which pie?

cherry pie

What are 5 items that must be found on the nutritional facts label found on a food?

Serving size Servings per container Calories per serving, calories from fat Total fat Saturated fat Trans fat Cholesterol; Sodium Total carbs Dietary fiber Sugars Proteins Vitamin A Vitamin C

The principal sugar formed by the action of B-amylase on starch is _____________.

Maltose

A high molecular weight polyester deposited in the waxy cuticle of some plant epidermal cells is called what?

cutin

Which lipoprotein transports triacylglycerols and cholesterol from the intestine to other parts of the body?

chylomicrons

The carboxy end of the fatty acid is called the _____ position.

alpha

What is the definition of pH?

PH stands for Hydrogen potentials. It refers to the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a solution in logarithmic scale

What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius?

1 Calorie

Trans fatty acids occur in what animal?

Ruminant animals like cow

Green Vegetables turn dull "olive green" or brown in thermal processing due to what chemical reaction?

conversion of chlorophyll to the pheophytin due to loss of the magnesium in the structure. (Heat causes a magnesium atom at the center of each chlorophyll molecule to detach and be replaced by hydrogen atoms. This chemical change in chlorophyll molecules changes their bright green color to a dull gray-green.)

What are the 4 major fat depots in a steer?

back fat, seam fat, marbling, KPH (kidney, pelvic, heart)

Name 3 methods to determine water activity.

Bithermal equilibration, Vapor pressure manometer, Hair hygrometer, Isopeistic hygrometry, Psychrometry, Dew point, Freezing-point depression

What beverage is made by having 2 yeast fermentations?

beer (1 in the vat and 1 in the bottle) or champagne

What vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan, and what disease does its deficiency cause?

niacin, pellagra

What is the genus of jalapeno and other peppers?

capsicum

What is the compound in red food coloring that is extracted from insects?

carmine

What is the first alteration observed in ultrastructural integrity of postmortem muscle fibers?

Z disk degradation

The person's body cannot breakdown TMA and smells like rotten fishes.

Name an enzyme involved in fruit softening.

pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, pectin layase

Who is the publisher of Food Technology magazine?

Christie Tarantino-Dean

Name 5 fruits that use a type of bud grafting in their production.

cherry, plum, apricot, peach, apple, pear

What two organizations developed the Marion blackberry (or marionberry)?

USDA-ARS and Oregon State University

What is the alkaloid in irish potatoes?

solanine

In thermoprocessing, what is the difference between "sterility" and "commercial sterility"?

commercial sterility means the probability that spores or cells survive is low but not absolute. Sterilization means the destruction of all viable microorganisms that may be present, and they cannot grow because of pH, temperature of storage, etc.

Mad cow disease is also known as BSE, what does that stand for?

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

What country eats the most lamb and mutton per capita per year?

New Zealand

To be called peanut butter the product must contain 90% peanuts. Name 3 items used as the other 10% of peanut butter.

salt, sugar(sweetener) hardened vegetable oil, or emulsifier

Why can goats eat grass and paper while humans cannot?

Bacteria present in their stomachs break down the cellulose

Which annual celebration of Bavarian beer and culture attracts millions of visitors to Germany each year?

Oktoberfest

What is the limiting amino acid in green peas?

Methionine

Three food groups exempt from mandatory nutrition labelling.

Fresh Produce, fruits, veggies, medical food, alcohol, bottled water, bulk fruits, airplane service foods, free samples, coffee, tea and spices

What is a material property that determines the distribution of energy within the material?

attenuation factor

What amino acid is essential for new born, especially premature born?

Arginine

What scientific group is thought to have started the Industrial Revolution?

Lunar Society of Birmingham

Name 5 types of nonthermal pasteurization.

high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet, radio frequency, ultrafiltration

Improvement in baking quality occurs during storage of flour. What happens to color?

Yellow --> White

What are the advantages of a plate heat exchanger?

low initial cost, high heat transfer efficiency, small hold up volume in heat exchanger, easy to inspect and disassemble unit, flexibility of the system (can be readily expanded/contracted to perform multiple duties)

The Lane-Eynon method is a titration that measures what in a food sample?

Reducing sugars

What is the US standard for particle size of farina?

100% must pass through a #20 sieve and no more than 10% can pass through a #45 sieve

What pigment results when fresh meat (oxymyoglobin) is oxidised?

metmyoglobin

What protein structure refers to the spatial arrangement obtained when a linear protein chain with a secondary structure folds further into a compact three dimensional form?

Tertiary structure

Name, a species of Aspergillus. capable of producing aflatoxins.

Aspergillus flavus

In unsteady state heat transfer, what is the dimensionless number used to evaluate the importance of internal and external resistance to heat transfer?

the biot number

What 3 properties are the major functional uses of eggs in products?

coagulation when heated, foaming ability, emulsifying properties

What is Capsaicin and where is it found?

Pungent flavor of hot peppers

Candy corn is made to look like corn kernels, how many times larger is a candy corn compared to a real corn kernel?

3 times larger

What is defined as the ability of meat to retain its water during application of external forces such as cutting, heating, grinding, or pressing?

water holding capacity

What is the active ingredient in sichuan pepper that induces a tingling sensation?

Hydroxyl-alpha-sanshool

Commonly used fish in sushi.

tuna (maguro, shiro-maguro), Japanese amberjack, yellowtail (hamachi), snapper (kurodai), mackerel (saba), and salmon (sake). The most valued sushi ingredient is toro, the fatty cut of the fish.

Which amino acid gives strong reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent?

tyrosine (aromatic ring)

If the temperature of a solution is -40 F, what will it temperature be in degrees Celsius?

-40 deg C (-40 is the equivalence point for the 2 temp scales)

What is the difference between commercial sterilization and pasteurization?

Barley can come with different numbers of rows. What are the 2 most common row numbers for barley?

Two-row and six-row

What type of oxygen impermeable packaging is typically used in red meat fabrication facilities?

vacuum packaging

Who is the current past-president of IFT?

Vickie Kloeris

Name 2 ways of transporting solutes across a membrane.

pressure and electrostatic forces (concentration or electrochemical gradient are both acceptable)

What is the protein coat of a virus call?

Capsids

What makes milk white in color?

the casein micelles that scatter light.

CRISPR stands for?

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (enzyme used is cas9)

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